Name: x-linked inheritance in families
Uploaded: 2021-04-07T12:11:58.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance And Variation Of Traits

HS-LS3-2

X-linked Traits

لأن الذكور والإناث البشر يرثون عدداًمختلفاًمن كروموسومات إكس،الصفات المشفرة في كروموسومات إكس تظهر أنماط مختلفة للتعبير بين الجنسين. الصفات المشفرة بجينات كروموسوم إكس تسمى الصفات المرتبطة بكروموسوم إكس. لأن الإناث لديها نسختان من كروموسوم إكس والذكور نسخة،فطفرة متنحية في الجين المرتبط بإكس ستؤثر غالباًعلى الذكور أكثر من الإناث،التي ربما يكون لديهن نسخة طبيعية من الجين في كروموسوم إكس الآخر.مثال لصفة مرتبطة بكروموسوم إكس توثر على الذكور أكثر من الإناث هو عمى الألوان،الذي أكثر شكل شائع له يكون بسبب طفرات في الجينات التي تشفر مستقبلات اللونين الأحمر والأخضر في كروموسوم إكس. مع وجود كروموسومين إكس ونسختين لكل جين،يمكن للإناث تعويض هذه الطفرات إذا كن يحملن نسخ طبيعية لنفس الجينات في كروموسوم إكس الآخر. أما دون نسخة احتياطية،ستترك الطفرة الذكور دون نسخة فعالة وبحساسية محدودة للألوان،مما يزيد من صعوبة التمييز بين الأحمر والأصفر والأخضر.

نينهويس ، آرثر دبليو ، أميت سي ناثواني ، وأندرو إم دافيدوف. "العلاج الجيني للهيموفيليا". العلاج الجزيئي 25 ، العدد 5 (2017): 1163-1167. [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.033" >مصدر</a>]

السمات المرتبطة ب x

في معظم أنواع الثدييات ، تمتلك الإناث كروموسومين X للجنس و الذكور لديهم X و Y. ونتيجة لذلك ، قد يتم إخفاء الطفرات في الكروموسوم X في الإناث بواسطة وجود أليل طبيعي على X الثاني. وعلى النقيض من ذلك ، فإن الطفرة في الكروموسوم X في الذكور غالباً ما تسبب عيوباً بيولوجية ملحوظة ، حيث لا يوجد X طبيعي للتعويض. تسمى اختلافات السمات الناشئة عن الطفرات في الكروموسوم X ”المرتبطة ب X“.

أحد الأمثلة المدروسة جيداً للسمات المرتبطة بـ X هو عمى الألوان. عندما تحدث طفرة في الجينات المسؤولة عن رؤية اللون الأحمر والأخضر في المستقبلات الضوئية للشبكية ، فقد يحدث عمى الألوان. في حين أن هذه الطفرة المتنحية يمكن أن تسبب إصابة الإناث بعمى الألوان ، يجب أن تمتلك اثنين من الكروموسومات X المتغيرة. يعتبر عمى الألوان أكثر شيوعاً عند الذكور ، الذين لديهم كروموسوم X واحد فقط وبالتالي لا توجد نسخة ثانية لتعويض الطفرة المحتملة.

عمى الألوان ينتقل من الأم إلى الابن. سوف تنتقل علامة X المتحولة من الأم إلى نصف أبنائها الذين يتلقون Y من والدهم. وفي الوقت نفسه ، فإن الذكور الذين يعانون من عمى الألوان سوف ينقلون الأليل من أجل عمى الألوان إلى جميع بناتهم ، والذين سيكونون إما حاملات أو مصابات بعمى الألوان ، اعتماداً على أليل الأم الذي يتم تلقيه. في بعض الأحيان ، يمكن أن ينشأ هذا النوع من الطفرات المرتبطة بالكروموسوم X عن طريق طفرة تلقائية وليس نتيجة وراثة من الأم أو الأب.

مثال آخر مدروس جيداً لحالة مرتبطة بالكروموسوم X هو الهيموفيليا ، وهو اضطراب نزيف معروف جيداً بمعدل حدوثه المرتفع في الأنظمة الملكية الأوروبية. الهيموفيليا هو نتيجة طفرة في عامل تخثر الدم ، إما الثامن أو الرابع ، مما يؤدي إلى نزيف أطول بعد الإصابة ويمكن أن يسبب نزيفاً عفوياً في المفصل. على الرغم من عدم وجود علاج حالياً للهيموفيليا ، إلا أنه يتم استكشاف العلاج الجيني كاحتمال.

السمات المرتبطة ب X

في معظم أنواع الثدييات ، تمتلك الإناث كروموسومين جنسيين X والذكور لديهم X و Y. نتيجة لذلك ، قد تكون الطفرات على الكروموسوم X عند الإناث ...

Education

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

البيولوجيا الجزيئية

Unit 2

الوحدة الثانية

Mendelian Genetics

علم الوراثة المندلي

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

x-linked inheritance in families

X-linked inheritance in families explains how traits linked to the X chromosome pass from parents to children. These traits are often tracked through family trees because the pattern can differ between males and females.

A male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. A female has two X chromosomes. Because of this difference, a trait on the X chromosome can show up in a different way depending on the sex of the child.

Family examples often include traits such as color blindness. Studying these examples helps learners see how an X-linked trait can move through generations and why the pattern may appear uneven across a pedigree.

X-Linked Inheritance in Families

punnett squares

Predicting Traits with Punnett Squares

Punnett squares help students predict how traits may be passed from parents to offspring. They are a simple grid used in genetics to organize possible allele combinations. An allele is a version of a gene. The square compares the alleles each parent can give. By filling in the boxes, students can see possible genotypes, which are the genetic makeup of offspring. The results can also help connect those genotypes to traits that may appear in the next generation.

monohybrid crosses

Tracking One Trait in Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid crosses track how one trait is passed from parents to offspring. They are used to study inheritance when only a single characteristic is followed at a time. A monohybrid cross can compare the possible outcomes for a monogenic trait, which is a trait controlled by one gene. This approach helps show how one gene can shape different inherited forms of the same characteristic. The method also connects with Mendel's work on genetics. It is a useful way to predict patterns of inheritance...

dihybrid crosses

Predicting Two-Trait Genetic Crosses

Dihybrid crosses are used to predict how two traits can be passed from parents to offspring. A dihybrid cross tracks two genes at the same time, so it helps students see how different alleles can combine in a genetic pattern. This topic is closely tied to Mendelian genetics and independent assortment. Independent assortment means that allele pairs for different traits can separate into gametes independently of one another. When students work through a dihybrid cross, they can compare the...

trihybrid crosses

Forked Line Method for Trihybrid Crosses

Forked line method for trihybrid crosses helps predict the outcome of three-trait Mendelian crosses. A trihybrid cross studies three pairs of contrasting characteristics. It combines three separate monohybrid crosses. Common examples include plant height, seed shape, and seed color. In a typical trihybrid cross, the F1 plants are heterozygous for all three traits. They can produce eight different gametes. After self-fertilization, these gametes can lead to 64 genotype combinations in the F2...

law of independent assortment

Independent Chromosome Assortment in Meiosis

Independent chromosome assortment in meiosis explains how different gene pairs can be inherited independently. This idea is one of Mendel’s laws of inheritance and is often called the law of independent assortment. The pattern depends on how homologous chromosomes line up during meiosis I. Each chromosome pair orients independently of the others, so the maternal and paternal chromosomes can separate into different gametes in many combinations. This random separation helps create genetic...

chi-square analysis

Chi-Square Test in Genetics

The chi-square test in genetics helps compare expected and observed results. It is a statistical hypothesis test used to see whether a difference between an expected value and an observed value is significant. In genetics, it helps decide whether to accept or reject a hypothesis based on how far the observed data moves from the expected data. The test was developed by Pearson in 1990. The first step is to set up a null hypothesis. This hypothesis says there is no real difference between the...

pedigree analysis

Tracing Traits with Pedigree Charts

Pedigree analysis uses family trees, called pedigrees, to trace how traits and diseases pass from one generation to the next. A pedigree chart helps scientists and students see inheritance patterns clearly across relatives. The chart uses standard symbols to show family members and their relationships. It can reveal whether a trait is likely passed through dominant or recessive inheritance, and it can also help identify patterns linked to sex chromosomes. By studying a pedigree, it is...

multiple allele traits

Multiple Alleles in Trait Inheritance

Multiple alleles can shape how a trait is inherited in a population. A gene may have more than two allele forms, even though each person still carries only two alleles for that gene. These allele combinations can produce traits with more than two possible outcomes. The ABO blood group system is a common example of a multiple allele trait. It shows how different alleles can interact to determine an organism’s phenotype, or observable trait. Multiple allele traits help explain why inheritance...

incomplete dominance

Incomplete Dominance in Traits and Disease

Incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance where two alleles both affect a trait in a heterozygous organism. In this case, one allele is not fully dominant over the other. The result is a phenotype that looks like a blend or intermediate form. Gregor Mendel’s pea plant experiments helped explain the usual dominant and recessive pattern. He showed that each gene in a diploid cell has two alleles, one inherited from each parent. In his model, a dominant allele shows its effect with one or...

lethal alleles

When Genes Cause Embryonic Death

Lethal alleles can change inheritance patterns by causing death before birth. In mice, Lucien Cuénot studied the agouti gene, which helps control coat color through an agouti-signaling protein that affects melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele produces a gray-brown coat, while the mutant allele produces a yellow coat. Cuénot also found that the yellow allele was linked to yellow mouse obesity syndrome. This syndrome is associated with early-onset obesity and tumors. When he...

polygenic traits

Traits Shaped by Many Genes

Polygenic traits are characteristics shaped by many genes acting together. This pattern is different from a single-gene trait, where one gene has a larger effect on the outcome. In polygenic inheritance, each gene adds a small contribution to the final trait. Height is a common example of a polygenic trait. Many genes influence human height, so the result can vary across a wide range. These small genetic effects combine to produce differences that are easy to see in a population. Polygenic...

background and environment affect phenotype

background-and-environment-affect-phenotype

How Genes and Environment Shape Traits

Genes and the environment work together to shape phenotype, or the visible traits of an organism. A phenotype can change because of genetic background, environmental conditions, or both. Factors such as temperature, oxygen availability, and mutagens can all influence how a trait appears. Horses show how one gene can affect coat color and how a modifier gene can change that result. The Extension gene controls pigment production in the coat. The wild-type genotype EE produces black pigment,...

x and y chromosomes

Sex Chromosomes in Human Inheritance

Sex chromosomes help determine biological sex in mammals, including humans. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Each diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A female usually has two X chromosomes, while a male usually has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Egg and sperm cells carry only half the usual number of chromosomes. They contain 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. Every egg has an X chromosome. Sperm cells can carry either an X or a Y...

the y chromosome determines maleness

Y Chromosome Structure and Male Traits

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome that helps guide male development in humans and other vertebrates and mammals. Human males usually have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, along with 22 pairs of autosomes. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome influences whether male traits develop. The Y chromosome evolved from an autosome about 300 million years ago, when two sex chromosomes began to diverge. Since then, it has lost most of its genes and become much smaller.

the ratio of x chromosome to autosomes

Drosophila Sex Determination by X:A Balance

In Drosophila, sex is determined by the balance between X chromosomes and autosomes, not by the X and Y chromosomes alone. The Y chromosome is active in these flies, but it does not set sex. Instead, it carries genes needed for sperm production in adult males. A normal male Drosophila has one X chromosome and two sets of autosomes. A normal female has two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes. When this X:A ratio changes, flies can develop different sexual phenotypes, including metamales,...

x-linked traits

X-linked inheritance in families explains how traits linked to the X chromosome pass from parents to children. These traits are often tracked through family trees because the pattern can differ between males and females. A male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. A female has two X chromosomes. Because of this difference, a trait on the X chromosome can show up in a different way depending on the sex of the child. Family examples often include traits such as color blindness. Studying...

sex linked disorders

Sex-Linked Disorders and Inheritance Patterns

Sex-linked disorders are genetic conditions that follow inheritance patterns tied to the sex chromosomes. These disorders help explain how certain traits can appear more often in one sex than the other. The transcript focuses on examples of sex-linked disorders, including Y-linked infertility, Fragile X syndrome, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Y-linked infertility is passed through the Y chromosome, while Fragile X syndrome and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are associated with sex-linked...

dosage compensation

X-Chromosome Balance in Animals

X-chromosome balance in animals helps equalize gene expression between males and females. Sex can be determined by the number and type of sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. In C. elegans, one X chromosome is male, while two X chromosomes make a hermaphrodite. The X chromosome carries more than sex-related genes. It also includes genes involved in body functions such as brain development and the immune system. Because males and...

x-inactivation

X-Inactivation and Barr Bodies

X-inactivation is a process that reduces gene activity on one X chromosome. It helps balance gene expression in cells that have more than one X chromosome. A key result of this process is the formation of a Barr body, which is the inactive X chromosome seen in the nucleus. This topic also includes Xist, a gene linked to X-inactivation. Xist produces RNA that coats the X chromosome and helps turn it off. Together, Xist and the Barr body show how cells control X-linked genes during development...

blood types

Blood Types and Transfusion Matching

Human blood types help determine safe blood transfusion matching. Blood is classified by antigens on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma. Correct blood typing matters because an unsafe match can affect transfusion success. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types, and ABO, Rh, and MNS are among the most common. The ABO blood group depends on antigens made by genes on chromosome 9. Red blood cells carry a base glycoprotein called...

blood transfusion and agglutination

Matching Blood Types for Safe Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a medical treatment used to restore blood volume after major blood loss from an accident or a medical procedure. It works by taking blood from a suitable donor and giving it to a recipient. Safe transfusion depends on matching blood types and checking for immune compatibility. The history of blood transfusion began in the 17th century, when early experiments were done in animals. In 1818, James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood...

key terms and concepts

Explore how X-linked inheritance appears in family trees and why X-linked traits can show different patterns in males and females, with a color blindness example.

X-Linked Inheritance in Families | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core Molecular Biology showcases the molecular processes of the cell through clear and concise animated video lessons. Additionally, in scientist-in-action videos, these concepts' application is demonstrated through real experiments in modern laboratories.

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Biology

Heredity

Genetic mechanisms and inheritance

Alabama Course of Study Science

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

9-12.B.3.11.a

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.8

BIO.8.B

myJoVE Corporation

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Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The DNA Helix

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Chromatin Packaging

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Karyotyping

Histone Modification

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Euchromatin

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Heterochromatin

chromatin-position-affects-gene-expression

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the ...

Punnett Squares

Monohybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel&#8217;s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A ...

Law of Independent Assortment

Chi-square Analysis

The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an ...

Pedigree Analysis

Multiple Allele Traits

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel&#39;s work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid ...

Lethal Alleles

Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cu&#233;not discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is ...

Polygenic Traits

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as ...

Formulate, refine, and evaluate questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring. Emphasis should be on traits including completely dominant, codominant, incompletely dominant, and sex-linked traits (e.g., pedigrees, karyotypes, genetic disorders, Punnett squares). Examples do not need to include dihybrid crosses.

HS-LS3-1

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 ...

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome&#160;found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human ...

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined ...

Sex Linked Disorders

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one ...

X-inactivation

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid daughter cells. In humans, each diploid cell contains 46 chromosomes, half from ...

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to ...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This ...

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors. Emphasis is on using data to support arguments for the way variation occurs. Claims should not include the phases of meiosis or the biochemical mechanisms of specific steps in the process.

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population. Emphasis is on distribution and variation of traits in a population and the use of mathematics (e.g., calculations of frequencies in Punnett squares, graphical representations) to describe the distribution.

HS-LS3-3

X-Linked Inheritance in Families

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