Name: cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:33.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

Cytoplasm

في الخلايا حقيقية النواة ، السيتوبلازم هو المنطقة الواقعة بين غشاء البلازما والغلاف النووي.
نظرا لأن الخلايا بدائية النواة تفتقر إلى نواة ، فإن السيتوبلازم يشير إلى كل شيء محاط داخل غشاء البلازما.
في كلا النوعين من الخلايا ، تمتلئ المساحة السيتوبلازمية بواسطة مصفوفة تشبه الهلام تسمى العصارة الخلوية.
العصارة الخلوية عبارة عن محلول مائي يحتوي على العديد من الأيونات القابلة للذوبان والجزيئات الصغيرة والجزيئات الكبيرة.
يشتمل سيتوبلازم الخلايا حقيقية النواة أيضا على العديد من العضيات المرتبطة بالغشاء التي تؤدي وظائف خلوية متخصصة ، مثل الميتوكوندريا والشبكة الإندوبلازمية وجهاز جولجي.
إطار من ألياف البروتين الموجودة في السيتوبلازم - الهيكل الخلوي ، يعطي الخلية شكلها وهيكلها. كما أنه يساعد في النقل داخل الخلايا وحركية الخلايا.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تحدث العديد من الوظائف الخلوية غير العضية ، مثل تخليق البروتين ، أيضا في السيتوبلازم. تسهل الطبيعة المائية للسيتوبلازم طي البروتين عن طريق صد المجموعات الجانبية للأحماض الأمينية الكارهة للماء في قلب البروتين.
تقوم بعض الخلايا أيضا بتخزين منتجات التمثيل الغذائي غير القابلة للذوبان مثل الجليكوجين في السيتوبلازم في شكل شوائب.

السيتوبلازم

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يتكون السيتوبلازم من عضيات وإطار من السقالات البروتينية تسمى الهيكل الخلوي المعلق في محلول مائي، العصارة الخلوية. العصارة الخلوية عبارة عن سائل غني من الماء والأيونات والأملاح والجزيئات العضوية المختلفة.

طي البروتين واختلاله

السيتوبلازم هو موقع العديد من العمليات الخلوية، بما في ذلك تركيب البروتين والطي. تعمل الطبيعة المائية للعصارة الخلوية على تعزيز طي البروتين بحيث يتم دفن السلاسل الجانبية للأحماض الأمينية الكارهة للماء في قلب البروتين بينما تواجه الأحماض الأمينية المحبة للماء العصارة الخلوية. ومع ذلك، فإن الضغوط الخلوية مثل الشيخوخة والتغيرات في الرقم الهيدروجيني أو درجة الحرارة أو الأسمولية يمكن أن تسبب اختلال البروتين. قد تتجمع البروتينات غير المطوية معًا في السيتوبلازم لتكوين مجموعات بروتينية غير قابلة للذوبان. ومثل هذه التجمعات متورطة في الاضطرابات العصبية، مثل مرض الزهايمر ومرض باركنسون.

تكوين الهيكل الخلوي ووظيفته

يتكون الهيكل الخلوي حقيقي النواة من ثلاثة أنواع من البروتينات الخيطية - الانيبيبات الدقيقة، والخيوط الدقيقة، والخيوط المتوسطة.

الانيبيبات الدقيقة، وهي أكبر أنواع الخيوط، تتكون من بروتين توبولين. إنها هياكل ديناميكية يمكن أن تنمو أو تتقلص عن طريق إضافة أو إزالة جزيئات التوبولين من أطراف خيوطها. أنها توفر الاستقرار الهيكلي للخلية وتعمل كمسارات لنقل البروتينات والحويصلات وبعض العضيات داخل الخلية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تلعب الانيبيبات الدقيقة دورًا حاسمًا في انقسام الخلايا من خلال توفير إطار يوجه الكروموسومات إلى الأطراف المقابلة للخلية.

الخيوط الدقيقة، أو خيوط الأكتين، هي خيوط أصغر حجمًا في الهيكل الخلوي تتكون من بروتين يسمى الأكتين. يمكن لبروتينات الأكتين أن تتجمع وتتفكك بسرعة لتشكل خيوطًا. ولذلك، فهي تمكن من الحركة في الكائنات وحيدة الخلية مثل الأميبا أو هجرة خلايا الدم البيضاء إلى مواقع العدوى. في خلايا العضلات الهيكلية، تنزلق خيوط الأكتين على طول خيوط الميوسين للتوسط في تقلص العضلات.

الخيوط المتوسطة ليست ديناميكية مثل الانيبيبات الدقيقة أو خيوط الأكتين. ومع ذلك، مثل النوعين الآخرين من الخيوط، فإنها توفر أيضًا الدعم الهيكلي للخلية. تتكون الخيوط المتوسطة من أنواع مختلفة من البروتينات بناءً على نوع الخلية المحدد. على سبيل المثال، تحتوي الخيوط المتوسطة في الشعر والأظافر على الكيراتين، بينما في الخلايا العضلية، تتكون هذه الخيوط من الديسمين.
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يتكون السيتوبلازم من عضيات وإطار من سقالات البروتين يسمى الهيكل الخلوي المعلق في محلول مائي ، العصارة الخلوية. ال...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

بيولوجيا الخلية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

الخلايا والجينومات والتطور

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities.

The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while hydrophilic amino acids face the cytosol.

Cell stress can disrupt this process. Changes in pH, temperature, osmolarity, or aging can cause proteins to misfold. These misfolded proteins may collect in the cytoplasm and form insoluble aggregates. Such aggregates are linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

The cytoskeleton is the protein framework inside the cytoplasm. It includes three filament types: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the largest and are built from tubulin. They can grow or shrink by adding or removing tubulin at their ends. They help give the cell structural stability and serve as tracks for moving proteins, vesicles, and some organelles. They also help guide chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.

Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are smaller and are made of actin. They can assemble and disassemble quickly. This rapid change helps amoeba move and helps white blood cells migrate to infection sites. In skeletal muscle cells, actin filaments slide along myosin filaments to drive muscle contraction.

Intermediate filaments are less dynamic than microtubules or actin filaments, but they still provide support. They are made of different proteins depending on the cell type. In hair and nails, intermediate filaments contain keratin. In muscle cells, they are made of desmins.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

Three Domains on the Tree of Life

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prokaryotic cells

How Prokaryotes Survive Without a Nucleus

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eukaryotic compartmentalization

How Organelles Keep Cells Working

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cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

Nuclear DNA, Chromatin, and Nucleoli

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores chromosomal DNA and helps control what proteins a eukaryotic cell makes. It acts as the cell’s control center. DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is different because it mainly supports functions specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged so the DNA is easy...

the dna helix

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mutations

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genome size and the evolution of new genes

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

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gene families

Shared Origins of Gene Families

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gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

Gene evolution can happen at different rates, and natural selection helps shape those changes. Some genes change slowly because important DNA changes are removed over time. Other genes can change more quickly when different mutations are kept in a population. The rate of evolution depends on how a gene is used and how strongly it is affected by selection. Genes with essential jobs often stay more similar across species. Genes under weaker pressure may show more variation and may evolve faster.<br...

types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton support cell structure, protein folding, transport, cell division, movement, and muscle contraction.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support | JoVE K12

cell biology

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Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance And Variation Of Traits

HS-LS3-1

Compounds Essential to Human Function

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Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Globular Proteins

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Protein Denaturation

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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LS.Bio.1.2

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The Nucleus

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

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Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

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