Name: promoter sequences in eukaryotes
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:46.000Z
Duration: 2 min 40 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.2

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The promoter is a major regulator of gene expression that contains binding sites for RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcription, and transcription factors, that facilitate or inhibit the binding of RNA polymerase.&#160;
The promoter region is mostly located upstream of the gene it regulates. It has distinct structural features, such as a curved structure with the ability to bend when transcriptional regulators bind and low thermodynamic stability due to the presence of AT-rich regions.&#160;&#160;
In eukaryotes, this transcriptional control region is more complex than in prokaryotes. In addition to the core promoter, eukaryotic genes have many additional cis-regulatory sequences that transcription factors can bind.
Prokaryotic RNA polymerase requires a sigma factor to bind to the promoter, whereas eukaryotic RNA polymerases require several such regulators.&#160;
Additionally, the three different RNA polymerases in eukaryotes that bind to distinct promoters, require different transcriptional regulators.&#160;
The core eukaryotic promoter contains several signature motifs that work together in various combinations to allow RNA polymerase to bind.&#160;
The TATA box is highly conserved across organis

the eukaryotic promoter region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.&#160; The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are cis-regulatory sequences, thousands of base pairs away from a gene. The length of a promoter region can vary significantly from gene to gene.
The core promoter contains characteristic motifs where general transcription factors can bind and recruit RNA polymerase.&#160; The TATA box is a motif located 25-30 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site. It is more flexible and less thermodynamically stable than other promoter motifs due to its high A-T content, allowing the efficient binding of the transcription machinery. It is found in genes that require high levels of expression under specific conditions, such as those genes involved in cell differentiation. The TATA box is often flanked by a set of short nucleotide motifs, known as B-recognition elements.&#160; Transcription Factor II B,&#160; an important component involved in the assembly of the transcription machinery at the TATA box, binds to these B-elements.
The initiator element, composed of the degenerate sequence YYANWYY*, contains the transcription start site.&#160; Downstream of the initiator element is another characteristic motif, known as the downstream promoter element (DPE), made up of the degenerate sequence RGWYVT. The TATA box and the DPE regulate similar types of genes, and a eukaryotic promoter can have either a TATA box or a DPE. The initiator element can function synergistically either with a TATA box or DPE to regulate transcription.
The CpG islands are another type of core promoter motif that regulates the expression of other types of genes,&#160; like housekeeping genes, that require constant expression in small amounts. They are called CpG islands because they contain sequences that are high in cytosine followed by guanine. The &#8220;p&#8221; represents the phosphodiester bond that links C to G. CpG islands are also known to occur in distal promoter regions.
*R codes for either A or G; W codes for either A or T; Y codes for C or T; V codes for A or G or C;&#160; and N codes for any of the four bases.

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Control of Gene Expression

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

promoter sequences in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic promoter sequences control where transcription begins. A promoter is a DNA region that helps start gene expression. In eukaryotes, this region is usually found upstream of the gene it regulates.

The promoter contains specific DNA sequences that can bind proteins needed for transcription. These sequences help position RNA polymerase at the correct start site. They also help determine whether a gene is turned on at the right time and in the right cell type.

Eukaryotic promoters can include several distinct elements. Some are close to the transcription start site, while others may lie farther away. Together, these promoter features support accurate and regulated transcription in cells.

Promoter Sequences in Eukaryotes

cell specific gene expression

Cell-Specific Gene Expression in Development

Cell-specific gene expression helps explain how different cells make different proteins, even when they contain the same DNA. This process is central to development and to the way specialized tissues form. Gene expression is controlled by regulatory signals that turn particular genes on or off in specific cells. As a result, one cell can follow a different molecular program from another cell in the same organism. These differences help create the variety of cell types needed for normal...

regulation of expression occurs at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-occurs-at-multiple-steps

Gene Expression Control at Every Stage

Gene expression control happens at several stages. Cells can change when a gene is active and how much product it makes. This regulation helps the cell respond to changing needs. One major control point is transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription can be regulated before it starts. It can also be regulated while it is already underway. These steps help determine whether a gene is copied into RNA. Cells can also regulate expression after transcription. The RNA may be processed, moved, or...

cis-regulatory sequences

DNA Switches That Control Gene Expression

Cis-regulatory sequences are DNA switches that help control gene expression. They do not code for proteins. Instead, they can turn nearby genes on or off and help determine when a gene is active. These sequences include promoters and enhancers. They are often found near the genes they regulate, and their effect depends on where they are in the genome. Because they work through DNA itself, they help cells control which genes are used in different situations. Cis-regulatory sequences are an...

cooperative binding of transcription regulators

cooperative-binding-of-transcription-regulators

How Transcription Regulators Work Together

Transcription regulators can bind cooperatively to control gene expression. In cooperative binding, the binding of one regulator can make it easier for another regulator to bind nearby DNA. This shared effect helps cells fine-tune when genes are turned on or off. The topic also connects to how regulators interact with each other and with DNA. These interactions can strengthen binding at a target site. They can also change how strongly a gene is controlled in a specific cell or condition. <br...

prokaryotic transcriptional activators and repressors

prokaryotic-transcriptional-activators-and-repressors

How Prokaryotic Gene Regulators Work

Prokaryotic gene regulators control transcription by helping or blocking RNA polymerase. Activators and repressors are two main types of regulatory proteins that influence whether a gene is expressed. These proteins let bacteria adjust gene activity in response to changing conditions. Activators help transcription start. They bind to specific DNA sequences near a promoter, which is the region where RNA polymerase begins transcription. By making RNA polymerase bind more easily, activators...

Eukaryotic promoter sequences control where transcription begins. A promoter is a DNA region that helps start gene expression. In eukaryotes, this region is usually found upstream of the gene it regulates. The promoter contains specific DNA sequences that can bind proteins needed for transcription. These sequences help position RNA polymerase at the correct start site. They also help determine whether a gene is turned on at the right time and in the right cell type. Eukaryotic promoters can...

co-activators and co-repressors

Gene Regulation by Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and co-repressors help control gene expression. They do not usually bind DNA themselves. Instead, they work with transcription factors to change how strongly a gene is turned on or off. Co-activators support transcription. They help transcription factors and RNA polymerase work together, which can increase gene expression. Co-repressors do the opposite. They help reduce transcription and lower gene expression. These proteins are important because cells need precise control over...

master transcription regulators

Master Transcription Regulators in Gene Control

Master transcription regulators help control when genes turn on and off. These proteins sit at the top of gene regulation networks and shape how cells respond to signals. In many cases, they act early in development and influence which cell types form. These regulators bind DNA and affect transcription, which is the first step in making RNA from a gene. By turning transcription on or off, they can change the levels of many downstream genes at once. That broad effect makes them important for...

regulated mrna transport

mRNA Localization During Cell Control

mRNA localization helps cells move messenger RNA to specific places before proteins are made. This process is regulated, so the cell can control when and where a protein is produced. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries genetic instructions from DNA to the protein-making machinery. By transporting mRNA to a defined location, a cell can keep protein production focused where it is needed most. Regulated mRNA transport is an important part of this control. It links the movement of RNA with later...

mrna stability and gene expression

mRNA Degradation and Protein Output

mRNA degradation helps control how much protein a cell makes. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic message from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are built. When mRNA stays intact longer, it can be used more often. When it breaks down faster, protein production drops. Cells regulate mRNA stability with cis-acting elements. These are sequences within the mRNA itself that influence how long the message lasts. They can affect whether the mRNA is protected or targeted for decay. This...

micrornas

How miRNA Silences Genes

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a short regulatory RNA that helps control gene expression. It is transcribed from introns, which are non-coding parts of a gene, or from intergenic regions, which are stretches of DNA between genes. miRNA begins as a longer primary transcript and must go through several processing steps before it becomes active. The first transcript, called primary miRNA or pri-mRNA, folds back on itself to form a stem-loop structure. In the nucleus, the endonuclease Drosha shortens this...

small interfering rnas (sirna)

siRNA in Gene Silencing

Small interfering RNA, or siRNA, is a short RNA molecule that helps silence genes. It works after a gene has been copied into RNA, making it part of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Scientists study siRNA because it shows how cells can control which genetic messages are used. siRNA acts by guiding the cell to destroy a matching RNA message. This lowers the amount of protein that can be made from that message. The process is specific, because the siRNA must match the target RNA sequence...

lncrna - long non-coding rnas

Long Non-coding RNAs in Cell Control

Long non-coding RNAs, or lncRNAs, are RNA molecules that do not code for proteins. Instead, they can help control how genes are used in cells. This makes them important regulators of cell behavior. lncRNAs can work in several ways. Some influence chromatin modification, which changes how tightly DNA is packed and how easy it is for genes to be turned on or off. Others help guide the process of cell differentiation, when unspecialized cells develop into more specific cell types. Because of...

epigenetic regulation

DNA Methylation and X Inactivation

DNA methylation and X-chromosome inactivation help control which genes are turned on or off. These epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of DNA without changing the DNA sequence. They help each cell make only the proteins it needs. For example, bone growth proteins are not made in muscle cells. Epigenetic control is important for normal development. It also helps cells keep the right patterns of gene activity. When these controls fail, diseases can develop. Cancer is one example, but...

key terms and concepts

Explore how eukaryotic promoter sequences help start transcription, position RNA polymerase, and control when genes are turned on in cells.

Promoter Sequences in Eukaryotes | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

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9-12.B.1.1

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pre-mrna-processing-modification-of-pre-mrna-ends

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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

Co-activators and Co-repressors

The Proteasome

Master Transcription Regulators

Regulated Protein Degradation

Regulated mRNA Transport

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

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Cell Specific Gene Expression

MicroRNAs

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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Small interfering RNAs (siRNA)

Cis-regulatory Sequences

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

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9-12.B.1.2.a

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9-12.B.1.2.b

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9-12.B.1.2.c

Promoter Sequences in Eukaryotes

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