Name: translation: mrna to protein
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.a

Translation

الترجمة هي عملية تصنيع بروتين من قالب الحمض النووي الريبي المرسال.
تبدأ هذه العملية عندما ترتبط الوحدة الفرعية الصغيرة للريبوسوم ، في مركب يحتوي على الحمض النووي الريبي الميثيوني وعوامل البدء ، بالطرف الخمسة الأساسي للرنا المرسال. يقوم المركب بمسح mRNA في الاتجاه الرئيسي من خمسة إلى ثلاثة حتى يواجه كودون AUG الذي يعمل كموقع بدء الترجمة.
بعد ذلك ، يتزاوج الحمض النووي الريبي الميثيونين مع كودون AUG ويجند الوحدة الفرعية الكبيرة للريبوسوم. يبدأ تخليق البروتين الجديد عندما يرتبط الحمض النووي الريبي الحمض النووي الريبي الذي يحمل حمضه الأميني بالكودون التالي من الرنا المرسال من خلال مضاد الكودون.
يضع هذا الإجراء الحمض الأميني الجديد بالقرب من الأحماض الأمينية المدمجة مسبقا ، وتتشكل رابطة الببتيد بين الأحماض الأمينية.
تستمر الترجمة مع انتقال الريبوسوم إلى الكودون التالي في التسلسل. تسمى هذه الحركة الأمامية بالإزاحة وستستمر حتى يواجه الريبوسوم كودون توقف.
تعتبر كودونات الإيقاف فريدة من نوعها من حيث أنها لا تحتوي على الحمض النووي الريبي. بدلا من ذلك ، ترتبط البروتينات التي تسمى عوامل الإطلاق بالكودون التوقف ، مما يحفز الريبوسوم على إطلاق البروتين المركب حديثا والتسبب في انفصال الريبوسوم.

ترجمة

<div style="direction: rtl;">
الترجمة هي عملية تركيب البروتينات من المعلومات الوراثية التي يحملها الرنا الرسول (mRNA). بعد النسخ، فإنه يشكل الخطوة الأخيرة في التعبير الجيني. يتم تنفيذ هذه العملية بواسطة الريبوسومات ومعقدات بروتينية و جزيئات الحمض النووي الريبي (RNA) المتخصصة. تنتج الريبوسومات والحمض النووي الريبوزي الناقل (tRNA) والبروتينات الأخرى سلسلة من الأحماض الأمينية - متعدد ببتيد - كمنتج نهائي للترجمة.

الترجمة تنتج البنيات الأساسية للحياة

تسمى البروتينات البنيات الأساسية للحياة لأنها تشكل الغالبية العظمى من جميع الكائنات الحية - من ألياف العضلات إلى الشعر الموجود على رأسك إلى مكونات جهازك المناعي - ويتم تشفير المخطط التفصيلي لكل من هذه البروتينات بواسطة الجينات الموجودة في الحمض النووي لكل خلية. تملي العقيدة المركزية في علم الأحياء أن المعلومات الوراثية يتم تحويلها إلى بروتينات وظيفية من خلال عمليات النسخ والترجمة.

الترجمة تحدث خارج النواة

تحتوي حقيقيات النوى على نواة محاطة بغشاء حيث يتم نسخ mRNA من الحمض النووي DNA. بعد النسخ، يتم نقل mRNA خارج النواة ليتم ترجمته إلى سلسلة من الأحماض الأمينية - متعدد الببتيد - وفي النهاية إلى بروتين وظيفي. يمكن أن يحدث هذا في السيتوبلازم أو في الشبكة الإندوبلازمية المحببة، حيث يتم تعديل متعدد الببتيد بشكل أكبر. في المقابل، تفتقر بدائيات النوى إلى غشاء نووي، لذلك تتم الترجمة في بدائيات النوى في السيتوبلازم بينما يتم نسخ الرنا المرسال.

تسلسل الكودونات في mRNA يحدد تسلسل متعدد ببتيد

يتوافق كل كودون في mRNA مع واحد من الأحماض الأمينية العشرين التي تحتفظ بها الخلية، بالإضافة إلى كودونات التوقف التي لا ترمز للأحماض الأمينية. جزيء RNA آخر، وهو RNA الناقل (tRNA)، مسؤول عن توفير الحمض الأميني الصحيح، بناءً على تسلسل الكودون، إلى الريبوسومات أثناء الترجمة. في أحد طرفي جزيء tRNA، تقوم إنزيمات تسمى aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases بربط الحمض الأميني المحدد تساهميًا بموقع الارتباط، بينما يضمن تسلسل مضاد الكودون الموجود في الطرف الآخر من tRNA ربط الحمض الأميني الصحيح إلى الريبوسوم. بعض جزيئات الحمض الريبي النووي النقال قادرة على الارتباط بأكثر من تسلسل كودون واحد، مما يسمح بتعدد استخدامات التشفير المعروف باسم التأثير المتذبذب. ويرجع ذلك إلى أن جزيئات الحمض الريبي النووي النقال لها خاصية ربط أقل للنيوكليوتيد الثالث في تسلسل كودون الرنا المرسال مقارنة بالنيوكليوتيدين الأولين.

بعض الأمراض الوراثية تنتج عن عيوب في الترجمة

الترجمة عملية معقدة تعتمد على مجموعة واسعة من المكونات الخلوية. والطفرات التي تؤثر على أي جزء من مجموعة الأدوات المتنوعة هذه يمكن أن تسبب المرض. على سبيل المثال، يتسبب فرط فيريتين الدم الناتج عن مرض فرط تخزين الحديد، والمعروف أيضًا باسم متلازمة إعتام عدسة العين، عن طفرات في المنطقة غير المترجمة '5 من الرنا المرسال، وهي منطقة مهمة لتجنيد بروتينات بدء الترجمة. تتسبب هذه الطفرات في ارتفاع معدلات ترجمة بروتين الحديد الفيريتين بشكل غير طبيعي، مما يؤدي إلى تراكمه في دم وأنسجة المرضى المصابين. ونتيجة لذلك، تصبح عدسات العين عاتمة. ترتبط أمراض أخرى بطفرات في الجينات التي تشفر الحمض الريبي النووي النقال(tRNA) ووحدات الريبوسوم الفرعية. على سبيل المثال، ينشأ مرض فقر الدم دايموند بلاكفن الذي يصيب نخاع العظم من طفرات في جين RPS19، وهو أحد مكونات الوحدة الفرعية الصغيرة للريبوسوم.
</div>

الترجمة هي عملية تصنيع البروتينات من المعلومات الجينية التي يحملها الحمض النووي الريبي المرسال (mRNA). بعد النسخ ، فإنه يشكل ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

التشريح وعلم وظائف الأعضاء

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Essential Cellular Processes

العمليات الخلوية الأساسية

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

translation: mrna to protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids.

This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which is the start of a protein.

Translation is a key part of how cells use genetic information. It connects the message in mRNA to the final protein product. Understanding translation helps explain how genes lead to the molecules that cells need to function.

Translation: mRNA to Protein

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

Eukaryotic DNA copying happens at replication forks, where the two DNA strands separate and new strands are built. This process lets a cell make an exact copy of its genetic material before it divides. The transcript explains that eukaryotic replication follows the same basic steps seen in other DNA replication systems, but it takes place in cells with a nucleus. The replication machinery works on each separated strand as a template, so the new DNA matches the original sequence. This topic is...

types of rna

RNA Types in Gene Expression

RNA types play different roles in gene expression. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry and use genetic information in cells. The main types discussed here are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. The ribosome is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a key part of the ribosome itself. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein building. These...

transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template. It is a key step in gene expression, because cells use the DNA sequence to build an RNA copy that can carry the message forward. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads one strand as the template. The enzyme links RNA nucleotides together in the correct order to form a growing RNA molecule. This copying step does not make DNA; it produces RNA. The transcript focuses on the central idea of transcription as DNA...

translation

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several stages, from making RNA to building protein. These checkpoints include transcription, RNA processing, RNA localization, and translation. Together, they help decide when a gene is used and whether a protein is made. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins. Transcription factors, activators, and repressors can start or slow the transcription of genes. After transcription, the cell makes a precursor RNA, also called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be...

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage of the cell cycle, and it comes before cell division begins. During interphase, the cell carries out its normal functions. It also copies its DNA so each new cell can receive a full set of genetic material. The cell may also build up the materials it needs for division. Interphase is not a single step. It includes phases such as G1, S, and G2, which help the cell grow, copy DNA, and get...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cell division depends on mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the stage when the cell’s nucleus divides and the copied chromosomes are separated into two sets. Cytokinesis is the step that follows and splits the cell into two daughter cells. These two processes work together to make sure each new cell receives genetic material and its own cytoplasm. Mitosis keeps the chromosome sets organized, while cytokinesis finishes the division of the whole cell. Together, they create two separate cells...

the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how translation uses mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to build a polypeptide chain from amino acids and turn genetic information into protein.

Translation: mRNA to Protein | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

The Central Dogma

Replication in Eukaryotes

Types of RNA

Transcription

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. ...

Construct an explanation of how the structures of DNA and RNA lead to the expression of information within the cell via the processes of replication, transcription, and translation

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of ...

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for ...

Crossing over

Nondisjunction

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a ...

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a ...

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and ...

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or ...

Mutations

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and ...

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of ...

Construct an argument based on evidence to support the claim that inheritable genetic variations may result from:New genetic combinations through meiosis (crossing over, nondisjunction), Non-lethal errors occurring during replication (insertions, deletions, substitutions), Heritable mutations caused by environmental factors (radiation, chemicals, and viruses)

SB2.b

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically ...

Transgenic Organisms

Overview

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry transgenes&#x2014;genes from a different species&#x2014;as part of their genome. The ...

Testing For Genetically Modified Foods

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Genetic modification of foods has been a controversial issue due to debated ...

Genetic Engineering of Model Organisms

Transgenesis, or the use of genetic engineering to alter gene expression, is widely used in the field of developmental biology. Scientists use a number of ...

Ask questions to gather and communicate information about the use and ethical considerations of biotechnology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture

SB2.c

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells

Translation: mRNA to Protein

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards