Name: translation: mrna to protein
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.a

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing a protein from a messenger RNA template.
This process begins when the small subunit of a ribosome, in a complex with a methionine tRNA and initiation factors, binds to the five prime end of an mRNA. The complex scans the mRNA in the five prime to three prime direction until it encounters an AUG codon that serves as the translation initiation site.
Next, the methionine tRNA pairs with the AUG codon and recruits the large subunit of the ribosome. Synthesis of the new protein starts when a tRNA carrying its amino acid binds to the next codon of the mRNA through its anticodon.
This action places the new amino acid close to the previously incorporated amino acid, and a peptide bond forms between the two amino acids.
Translation continues as the ribosome moves to the next codon in the sequence. This forward movement is called translocation and will continue until the ribosome encounters a stop codon.
Stop codons are unique in that they do not have tRNAs. Instead, proteins called release factors bind to the stop codon, inducing the ribosome to release the newly synthesized protein and causing the ribosome to dissociate.

translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids&#8212;the polypeptide&#8212;as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are called the building blocks of life because they make up the vast majority of all organisms&#8212;from muscle fibers to hairs on your head to components of your immune system&#8212;and the blueprint for each of these proteins is encoded by the genes found in the DNA of every cell. The central dogma in biology dictates that genetic information is converted into functional proteins by the processes of transcription and translation.
Translation Occurs Outside of the Nucleus
Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus where mRNA is transcribed from DNA. After transcription, mRNA is shuttled out of the nucleus to be translated into a chain of amino acids&#8212;a polypeptide&#8212;and eventually, a functional protein. This can take place in the cytoplasm or in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where the polypeptides are further modified. In contrast, prokaryotes lack a nuclear compartment, so translation in prokaryotes takes place in the cytoplasm while the mRNA is still being transcribed.
The Sequence of Codons in mRNA Determines the Polypeptide Sequence
Each codon in the mRNA corresponds to one of the 20 amino acids that a cell keeps stocked, as well as stop codons that do not code for amino acids. Another RNA molecule, transfer RNA (tRNA), is responsible for providing the correct amino acid, based on the codon sequence, to the ribosomes during translation. At one end of the tRNA molecule, enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases covalently attach the specific amino acid to the attachment site, while the anticodon sequence located at the other end of the tRNA ensures that the correct amino acid is delivered to the ribosome. Some tRNA molecules are able to bind to more than one codon sequence, allowing for coding versatility known as the wobble effect. This is due to the fact that tRNA molecules have lower binding specificity to the third nucleotide in the mRNA codon sequence as compared to the first two nucleotides.
Some Inherited Diseases Stem from Defects in Translation
Translation is a complex process that depends on a wide array of cellular components. Mutations that impact any part of this diverse toolkit can cause disease. For example, the iron-storage disease hyperferritinemia, also known as cataract syndrome, results from mutations in the 5&#39; untranslated region of the mRNA, a region that is important for recruiting translation initiation proteins. These mutations cause abnormally high rates of translation of the iron protein ferritin, causing it to build up in the blood and tissues of affected patients. As a result, the lenses of the eyes turn cloudy. Other diseases are linked to mutations in the genes that encode tRNAs and the ribosomal subunits. For instance, the bone-marrow disease Diamond-Blackfan anemia stems from mutations in the RPS19 gene, a component of the small ribosomal subunit.

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

Essential Cellular Processes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

translation: mrna to protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids.

This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which is the start of a protein.

Translation is a key part of how cells use genetic information. It connects the message in mRNA to the final protein product. Understanding translation helps explain how genes lead to the molecules that cells need to function.

Translation: mRNA to Protein

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

Eukaryotic DNA copying happens at replication forks, where the two DNA strands separate and new strands are built. This process lets a cell make an exact copy of its genetic material before it divides. The transcript explains that eukaryotic replication follows the same basic steps seen in other DNA replication systems, but it takes place in cells with a nucleus. The replication machinery works on each separated strand as a template, so the new DNA matches the original sequence. This topic is...

types of rna

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RNA types play different roles in gene expression. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry and use genetic information in cells. The main types discussed here are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. The ribosome is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a key part of the ribosome itself. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein building. These...

transcription

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Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several stages, from making RNA to building protein. These checkpoints include transcription, RNA processing, RNA localization, and translation. Together, they help decide when a gene is used and whether a protein is made. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins. Transcription factors, activators, and repressors can start or slow the transcription of genes. After transcription, the cell makes a precursor RNA, also called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be...

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Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

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interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage of the cell cycle, and it comes before cell division begins. During interphase, the cell carries out its normal functions. It also copies its DNA so each new cell can receive a full set of genetic material. The cell may also build up the materials it needs for division. Interphase is not a single step. It includes phases such as G1, S, and G2, which help the cell grow, copy DNA, and get...

mitosis and cytokinesis

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the cell cycle control system

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The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

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what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how translation uses mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to build a polypeptide chain from amino acids and turn genetic information into protein.

Translation: mRNA to Protein | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

The Central Dogma

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Transcription

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SB2.c

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells

Translation: mRNA to Protein

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