Name: cell signaling pathways and responses
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Overview of Cell Signaling

تستخدم الخلايا مجموعة متنوعة من آليات الإشارات لتنسيق العمليات الخلوية والتواصل مع الخلايا الأخرى. يبدأ مسار الإشارات عندما يرتبط جزيء إشارة يسمى الترابط بمستقبله المستهدف.
تحدث إشارات Paracrine عندما يستهدف الترابط المفرز الخلايا المجاورة. في حين أن الإشارات الأوتوكرينية تحدث عندما يستهدف الترابط نفس الخلية التي أطلقته.
في مسار الإشارات المجاور أو المعتمد على التلامس ، يظل الترابط مرتبطا بسطح الخلية ويتفاعل مباشرة مع المستقبلات الموجودة في الخلايا المجاورة. قد تتدفق الروابط الصغيرة القابلة للذوبان أيضا مباشرة بين الخلايا عبر تقاطعات الفجوة في غشاء البلازما.
تنسق الكائنات متعددة الخلايا السلوك الخلوي لمسافات طويلة. في إشارات الغدد الصماء ، تنتقل الهرمونات إلى أجزاء مختلفة من الجسم عبر مجرى الدم.
الإشارات المشبكية بين الخلايا العصبية هي شكل متخصص من الإشارات بعيدة المدى. عند التقاطع المشبكي ، تفرز الطرف المحوري للخلايا العصبية روابط تسمى الناقلات العصبية للتواصل مع الخلايا المستهدفة.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، يتم إجراء استشعار النصاب بواسطة بعض المجتمعات البكتيرية للتفاعل معا عن طريق استشعار تركيز حرج من روابط الإشارات.

نظرة عامة على إشارات الخلية

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على الرغم من الغشاء الواقي الذي يفصل الخلية عن البيئة، تحتاج الخلايا إلى القدرة على اكتشاف التغيرات البيئية والاستجابة لها. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، غالبًا ما تحتاج الخلايا إلى التواصل مع بعضها البعض. تستخدم الكائنات وحيدة الخلية ومتعددة الخلايا مجموعة متنوعة من آليات إشارات الخلية للتواصل مع البيئة.

تستجيب الخلايا لأنواع عديدة من المعلومات، غالبًا من خلال بروتينات المستقبلات المتمركزة على الغشاء. على سبيل المثال، تستجيب خلايا الجلد لمعلومات اللمس وتنقلها، بينما تستطيع المستقبلات الضوئية في شبكية العين اكتشاف الضوء. ومع ذلك، فقد تطورت معظم الخلايا للاستجابة للإشارات الكيميائية، بما في ذلك الهرمونات والناقلات العصبية والعديد من الأنواع الأخرى من جزيئات الإشارة. يمكن للخلايا أيضًا تنسيق الاستجابات المختلفة التي يثيرها نفس جزيء الإشارة.

عادة، تتضمن إشارات الخلية ثلاث خطوات: (1) الاستقبال، (2) النقل، و (3) الاستجابة. في معظم عمليات استقبال الإشارات، يتسبب الجزيء غير المنفذ للغشاء، أو Ligand، في حدوث تغيير في مستقبل الغشاء؛ ومع ذلك، يمكن لبعض جزيئات الإشارة، مثل الهرمونات، عبور الغشاء للوصول إلى مستقبلاتها الداخلية. يمكن للمستقبل الغشائي بعد ذلك إرسال هذه الإشارة إلى رسائل داخل الخلايا، مما يؤدي إلى تحويل الرسالة إلى استجابة خلوية. قد تتضمن هذه الاستجابة داخل الخلايا تغييرات في النسخ والترجمة وتنشيط البروتين والاستجابات الأخرى.

يمكن للكائنات وحيدة الخلية مثل البكتيريا استخدام نوع من إشارات الخلايا يسمى استشعار النصاب للكشف عن تركيزها في مستعمرة وتوليد استجابات منسقة. يمكن للخلايا حقيقية النواة أن تطلق روابط تستهدف نفس الخلية التي أنتجت الإشارة (إشارة أوتوكرين) أو الخلايا المجاورة (إشارة باراكرين). يمكن أيضًا إرسال الإشارات عبر مسافات طويلة، كما هو الحال في بعض الهرمونات، وتنتج استجابات في الخلايا البعيدة، تسمى إشارات أوندوكرين. تصف الإشارات المعتمدة على الاتصال، المسارات الفيزيائية التي يتم إنشاؤها بين الخلايا المجاورة والتي يمكن للإشارات السيتوبلازمية من خلالها المرور بسرعة. يمكن لخلايا الجهاز العصبي أن تولد استجابات سريعة من خلال تخصص في إشارات الخلية يسمى الإشارات المشبكية.

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على الرغم من الغشاء الواقي الذي يفصل الخلية عن البيئة ، تحتاج الخلايا إلى القدرة على اكتشاف التغيرات البيئية والاستجابة لها. ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

التشريح وعلم وظائف الأعضاء

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Essential Cellular Processes

العمليات الخلوية الأساسية

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

cell signaling pathways and responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell.

A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process.

Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes the signal along until the cell produces a response. That response may change how the cell behaves or how it functions.

Cell signaling is an important part of cell biology because it lets cells coordinate activities and respond to their environment. Understanding these pathways helps explain how cells communicate and why receptor-based signaling matters.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

Eukaryotic DNA copying happens at replication forks, where the two DNA strands separate and new strands are built. This process lets a cell make an exact copy of its genetic material before it divides. The transcript explains that eukaryotic replication follows the same basic steps seen in other DNA replication systems, but it takes place in cells with a nucleus. The replication machinery works on each separated strand as a template, so the new DNA matches the original sequence. This topic is...

types of rna

RNA Types in Gene Expression

RNA types play different roles in gene expression. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry and use genetic information in cells. The main types discussed here are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. The ribosome is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a key part of the ribosome itself. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein building. These...

transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template. It is a key step in gene expression, because cells use the DNA sequence to build an RNA copy that can carry the message forward. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads one strand as the template. The enzyme links RNA nucleotides together in the correct order to form a growing RNA molecule. This copying step does not make DNA; it produces RNA. The transcript focuses on the central idea of transcription as DNA...

translation

Translation: mRNA to Protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several stages, from making RNA to building protein. These checkpoints include transcription, RNA processing, RNA localization, and translation. Together, they help decide when a gene is used and whether a protein is made. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins. Transcription factors, activators, and repressors can start or slow the transcription of genes. After transcription, the cell makes a precursor RNA, also called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be...

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

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mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cell division depends on mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the stage when the cell’s nucleus divides and the copied chromosomes are separated into two sets. Cytokinesis is the step that follows and splits the cell into two daughter cells. These two processes work together to make sure each new cell receives genetic material and its own cytoplasm. Mitosis keeps the chromosome sets organized, while cytokinesis finishes the division of the whole cell. Together, they create two separate cells...

the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cells use signaling pathways, receptors, and responses to communicate and react to signals in this concise high school science overview.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-1.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

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