Name: joint mobility and bone movement
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:58.000Z
Duration: 1 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Support And Motion

Skeletal System

Functional Classification of Joints

Joints can be functionally classified into three categories based on their mobility.
Synarthroses &#160;&#160;are immovable joints, amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints, and diarthroses are freely movable joints.
Both synarthroses and amphiarthroses are stable joints made of fibrous or cartilaginous&#160; connective tissues.&#160;
Examples of synarthroses are the fibrous joints between the teeth and dental sockets, and the cartilaginous joint between the first pair of ribs and the manubrium of the sternum.&#160;
Examples of amphiarthroses are the fibrous joint between the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg, and the cartilaginous joint between the pubic bones.
Diarthroses are synovial joints with a fluid-filled synovial cavity between the articulating bone surfaces. Due to their lower stability compared to synathroses and amphiarthroses, diarthroses are more susceptible to dislocation.
Examples of diarthroses are the knee, elbow, and shoulder joints.

functional classification of joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses&#160; or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile or nearly immobile joint is a synarthrosis. The immobile nature of these joints provide for a strong union between the articulating bones. This is important at locations where the bones protect internal organs. Examples include sutures, the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull that surround and protect the brain, and the manubriosternal joint, the cartilaginous joint that unites the manubrium and body of the sternum to protect the heart.
Amphiarthrosis
An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has limited mobility. An example of this type of joint is the cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. A thick pad of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc fills the gap between the vertebrae. Each intervertebral disc strongly unites the vertebrae but still allows for limited movement between them. However, the small movements available between adjacent vertebrae can sum together along the length of the vertebral column to provide for large ranges of body movements.
Another example of an amphiarthrosis is the pubic symphysis of the pelvis. This is a cartilaginous joint in which the pubic regions of the right and left hip bones are strongly anchored to each other by fibrocartilage. This joint normally has very little mobility. The strength of the pubic symphysis is important in conferring weight-bearing stability to the pelvis.
Diarthrosis
A freely mobile joint is classified as a diarthrosis. These types of joints include all synovial joints of the body, which provide the majority of body movements. Most diarthrotic joints are found in the appendicular skeleton and give the limbs a wide range of motion. These joints are divided into three categories based on the number of axes of motion provided by each. An axis in anatomy is described as the movements in reference to the three anatomical planes: the transverse plane, the frontal plane, and the sagittal plane. Diarthroses are classified as uniaxial (for movement in one plane) such as the elbow joint, biaxial (for movement in two planes) like Metacarpophalangeal joint, or multiaxial joints (for movement in all three anatomical planes), like the shoulder joint.
This text is adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-1-classification-of-joints">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 9.1: Functional Classification of Joints</a>.

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

The Joints

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

joint mobility and bone movement

Joint mobility is the basis of the functional classification of joints. Joints are grouped by how much movement they allow between nearby bones. They are classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis.

A synarthrosis is an immobile or nearly immobile joint. These joints form a strong union between bones. That strength is important where the bones help protect internal organs. Examples include sutures between the bones of the skull, which protect the brain, and the manubriosternal joint, which connects the manubrium and body of the sternum to help protect the heart.

An amphiarthrosis is a joint with limited movement. One example is the cartilaginous joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. A thick pad of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc fills the space between the vertebrae. The disc holds the bones tightly together but still allows some movement. Small motions along the vertebral column can add up to create a large range of body movement. Another amphiarthrosis is the pubic symphysis of the pelvis. This joint uses fibrocartilage to strongly anchor the right and left hip bones and provide weight-bearing stability.

A diarthrosis is a freely movable joint. All synovial joints belong to this group, and they provide most body movements. Most diarthrotic joints are found in the appendicular skeleton and give the limbs a wide range of motion. These joints are also grouped by the number of axes of motion. A uniaxial joint moves in one plane, like the elbow. A biaxial joint moves in two planes, like the metacarpophalangeal joint. A multiaxial joint moves in all three anatomical planes, like the shoulder.

Joint Mobility and Bone Movement

introduction to joints

Joints: Stability and Movement

Joints are where bones come together in the human body. The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Many joints let bones move smoothly against each other, while other joints are built for support and very little movement. Joint stability and movement are closely linked. Joints that are very stable usually allow little or no mobility. Joints that allow the most movement are the least stable. This...

Joint mobility is the basis of the functional classification of joints. Joints are grouped by how much movement they allow between nearby bones. They are classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis. A synarthrosis is an immobile or nearly immobile joint. These joints form a strong union between bones. That strength is important where the bones help protect internal organs. Examples include sutures between the bones of the skull, which protect the brain, and the manubriosternal...

structural classification of joints

Types of Body Joints by Movement

Body joints, or articulations, are grouped by how the bones are connected and how much they move. The main structural features are the tissue between the bones and whether a fluid-filled joint cavity is present. These differences divide joints into three structural classes. Fibrous joints connect adjacent bones with fibrous connective tissue. They do not have a synovial cavity. The bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers, so movement is minimal to none. <br...

structural joints: fibrous joints

Fibrous Joints in Skull, Teeth, and Limbs

Fibrous joints connect bones with fibrous connective tissue. They give the body stability and allow little to no movement between the bones that meet there. There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. A suture joins the bones of the skull, except for the mandible. The strong fibrous tissue at these joints helps protect the brain and shape the face. In adults, the skull bones lie close together, and fibrous tissue fills the narrow space between them. Many...

structural joints: cartilaginous joints

Cartilage Joints in Bones and Growth

Cartilaginous joints are bone connections made with cartilage, a tough but flexible connective tissue. They do not have a joint cavity like synovial joints. Instead, the bones are linked by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. One type of cartilaginous joint is the synchondrosis, which means bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. A synchondrosis can be temporary or permanent. The temporary form is the epiphyseal, or growth, plate in a growing long bone. This plate is the growing hyaline...

structural joints: synovial joints

Synovial Joints: Mobility and Lubrication

Synovial joints are the body’s most mobile joints. They have a joint cavity, which is a fluid-filled space where the bones meet. Unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the bone surfaces in a synovial joint are not directly joined by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This structure lets the bones move smoothly against each other. The walls of the joint cavity are made by the articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure that attaches to each bone just outside the articulating...

articulations of the vertebral column

How Vertebrae and Joints Control Spine Motion

The vertebral column has synovial joints that help control how the spine moves. Adjacent vertebrae connect not only through the intervertebral discs, but also through joints between the superior and inferior articular processes. These joints are called zygapophysial joints, or facet joints, and they are plane joints that allow only limited motion. The direction of the articular processes changes in different regions of the spine. This change affects which movements are possible in each area.

knee joint

Knee Joint Ligaments and Menisci

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It includes three articulations: two tibiofemoral joints and one patellofemoral joint. As a synovial joint, it has a thin articular capsule that partly surrounds the joint cavity. Several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures help the knee move and stay stable. Seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris muscle group, is the main ligament that stabilizes the...

ankle joint

Ankle Hinge Motion and Ligaments

The ankle joint is a hinge joint that links the foot and lower leg. It is formed by the talocrural joint, which brings together the talus bone of the foot with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the leg. The talus has a square-shaped top surface with three areas of articulation. The upper part of the talus meets the inferior tibia and carries body weight between the leg and foot. The medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula hold the talus in place on the...

development of the limb synovial joints

How Limb Joints Form in the Embryo

Limb synovial joints form during embryonic development as the bones of the arms and legs begin to take shape. The process starts with mesenchyme, the embryonic tissue that gives rise to bones, cartilage, and connective tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells first become chondrocytes, which make hyaline cartilage. This cartilage later becomes the model for each bone and then turns into bone through endochondral ossification. The limbs first appear as small limb buds on the sides of the embryo near the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how joints are classified by movement as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis, with examples like skull sutures, vertebrae, and the shoulder.

Joint Mobility and Bone Movement | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Introduction to the Integumentary System

The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a ...

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the ...

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as ...

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the &#34;core&#34; of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and ...

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the ...

Hypodermis

The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous ...

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called ...

changes-in-skin-color-clinical-perspectives

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-hair-and-hair-follicles

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-hair-growth-and-types

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft ...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-sweat-glands

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-sebaceous-glands

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. ...

Sensory Functions of the Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that ...

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because ...

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the ...

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. ...

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can ...

Integumentary System

Content elaboration: The integumentary system consists of skin and accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). The accessory structures can include sweat glands, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, hair follicles and nails. Skin functions include protection, temperature regulation, excretion and sensory perception. These occur through the processes of perspiration, skin production and shedding, vitamin D synthesis and repair. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, burns, skin cancer, anhidrosis, acne, eczema or scleroderma. Investigations are used to understand and explain the integumentary system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Integumentary System

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components ...

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical ...

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four ...

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ...

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone&#39;s overall function.
Compact ...

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long ...

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into ...

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small ...

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt ...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical ...

bone-formation-by-intramembranous-ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the ...

bone-formation-by-endochondral-ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template ...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient&#39;s age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are ...

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at ...

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, ...

role-of-vitamins-in-maintaining-bone-health

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin ...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is ...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone ...

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions&#8212;the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central ...

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the ...

cranial-bones-superior-and-posterior-view

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior ...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The ...

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these ...

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not ...

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two ...

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and&#160; allows for their movements. It also protects the ...

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. ...

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body&#39;s thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, ...

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of ...

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement ...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, ...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike ...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process ...

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. ...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of ...

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the ...

bones-of-the-lower-limb-femur-and-patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body&#39;s longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip ...

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations&#8211; two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is ...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest ...

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the ...

changes-in-the-appendicular-skeleton-with-age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud ...

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all ...

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the ...

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the ...

Skeletal System

Content elaboration: The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. Bones make up most of the skeleton. There are four main cell types that compose bone tissue, each with a specific function: osteogenic cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The microscopic anatomy of compact bone includes osteons. Bones are classified by their shape. The structure of a typical long bone can be explored. Specific bones of the skeleton can be studied by their subdivisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Cartilage is found in areas of the nose, ears, ribs and joints. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. The general structure of synovial joints may be explored. Ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints. The skeletal system provides support for the human body, protects soft organs, allows for movement due to attachment of muscles, stores minerals and fat and forms blood cells. Processes of the skeletal system include hematopoiesis, ossification and bone growth and remodeling. A comparison of male to female, juvenile to adult or human to other vertebrate skeletons may be explored. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, osteoporosis, malnutrition, fractures, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and arthritis. Investigations are used to understand and explain the skeletal system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Overview of Muscle Tissues

The human body has three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each class has unique properties that enable them to perform specific ...

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a ...

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Each skeletal muscle is composed of multiple bundles of elongated multinucleated muscle cells or muscle fibers.
These cells are enclosed by a plasma ...

The Sarcomere

A sarcomere is mainly made up of two types of filaments&#8212; thin filaments containing actin, troponin, and tropomyosin and thick filaments containing ...

Muscular System

Content elaboration: The muscular system consists of three types of muscle cells: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. The primary function of the muscular system is to contract, thereby, moving the body and internal fluids, maintaining posture, generating heat and stabilizing joints. Muscles are controlled voluntarily and/or involuntarily. Heart muscle cells are mononucleated, branched and striated. Intercalated disks are characteristic of cardiac muscle and aid in communication between cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells, found in the hollow organs and blood vessels, are mononucleated, spindle-shaped and nonstriated. Skeletal muscle cells, found attached to bones and skin, are multinucleated, cylindrical and striated. The muscles of the body can be studied by group, which include the muscles of the head, face and neck, the trunk and the upper and lower limbs. Processes of the muscular system include gross body movements produced by skeletal muscles as they interact with the skeletal system, and muscle contraction. The connection between the nervous system and the skeletal system should be explored through the study of action potentials and the resulting contraction of sarcomeres, as described by the sliding filament theory. Energy processing and muscle responses to stimuli can be studied along with building muscle tissue through exercise. The effects of steroids can also be investigated. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, muscular dystrophy and atrophy. Investigations are used to understand and explain the muscular system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Muscular System

Joint Mobility and Bone Movement

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards