Name: how vertebrae and joints control spine motion
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:51.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Support And Motion

Skeletal System

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

The vertebrae of the spinal column articulate with each other as well as with other bones of the body.
All adjacent vertebrae from C2 to S1 form intervertebral joints by articulating at two regions &#8212; the vertebral body and the articular processes.
Two adjoining vertebral bodies are connected via the symphysis &#8212; a cartilaginous joint formed of fibrocartilage.
In contrast, the superior process of one vertebra articulates with the inferior process&#160;of the next vertebra via the zygapophysis &#8212; a synovial plane joint.
Together, these intervertebral joints allow the anterior, posterior, and lateral bending of the body along with rotational movement.
In the neck, the atlas or C1 and the axis or C2 vertebrae are connected by the atlanto-axial pivot joint, allowing head rotation.
Additionally, C1 articulates with the occipital bone to form the atlanto-occipital joint, facilitating flexion and extension of the head.&#160;
Further, the thoracic vertebrae form synovial plane joints with the ribs, allowing gliding movement of the ribs during respiration.
Lastly, the sacrum articulates with the ilium of the pelvis, forming the sacroiliac synovial joint.

articulations of the vertebral column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each vertebral region. The cervical and lumbar regions have the greatest ranges of motions.
In the neck, the articular processes of cervical vertebrae are flattened and generally face upward or downward. This orientation provides the cervical vertebral column with extensive ranges of motion for flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. In the thoracic region, the downward projecting and overlapping spinous processes, along with the attached thoracic cage, greatly limit flexion, extension, and lateral flexion. The lumbar region allows for considerable extension, flexion, and lateral flexion, but the orientation of the articular processes largely prohibits rotation.
The articulations formed between the skull, the atlas (C1 vertebra), and the axis (C2 vertebra) differ from the articulations in other vertebral areas and play important roles in movement of the head. The atlanto-occipital joint is formed by the articulations between the superior articular processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles on the base of the skull. This articulation has a pronounced U-shaped curvature, oriented along the anterior-posterior axis that allows the skull to rock forward and backward, producing flexion and extension of the head. It also moves the head up and down, as when shaking the head to say &#34;yes.&#34;
The atlantoaxial joint, between the atlas and axis, consists of three articulations. The paired superior articular processes of the axis articulate with the inferior articular processes of the atlas. These articulating surfaces are relatively flat and oriented horizontally. The third articulation is the pivot joint formed between the dens, which projects upward from the body of the axis and the inner aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas. A strong ligament passes posterior to the dens to hold it in position against the anterior arch. These articulations allow the atlas to rotate on top of the axis, moving the head toward the right or left, as when shaking the&#160;head to say&#160; &#34;no.&#34;
This text is adapted from<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">&#160;<a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/7-3-the-vertebral-column">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 7.3: The Vertebral Column</a>
<div></div>

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

The Joints

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

how vertebrae and joints control spine motion

The vertebral column has synovial joints that help control how the spine moves. Adjacent vertebrae connect not only through the intervertebral discs, but also through joints between the superior and inferior articular processes. These joints are called zygapophysial joints, or facet joints, and they are plane joints that allow only limited motion.

The direction of the articular processes changes in different regions of the spine. This change affects which movements are possible in each area. The cervical and lumbar regions have the greatest range of motion.

In the neck, the cervical articular processes are flattened and usually face upward or downward. This arrangement allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. The thoracic region moves less because the spinous processes project downward and overlap, and the thoracic cage also restricts motion. The lumbar region allows considerable flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, but its articular process orientation largely blocks rotation.

The joints between the skull, the atlas (C1), and the axis (C2) are different from the other vertebral joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is formed by the superior articular processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles at the base of the skull. Its U-shaped surface is oriented front to back, so it lets the skull rock forward and backward and move up and down, like nodding &quot;yes.&quot;

The atlantoaxial joint helps the head turn side to side. It includes three articulations. The paired superior articular processes of the axis join with the inferior articular processes of the atlas, and these surfaces are flat and horizontal. A third joint is the pivot between the dens, which rises from the body of the axis, and the inner surface of the anterior arch of the atlas. A strong ligament lies behind the dens and holds it against the anterior arch. These joints let the atlas rotate on the axis, like shaking the head &quot;no.&quot;

How Vertebrae and Joints Control Spine Motion

how-vertebrae-and-joints-control-spine-motion

introduction to joints

Joints: Stability and Movement

Joints are where bones come together in the human body. The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Many joints let bones move smoothly against each other, while other joints are built for support and very little movement. Joint stability and movement are closely linked. Joints that are very stable usually allow little or no mobility. Joints that allow the most movement are the least stable. This...

functional classification of joints

Joint Mobility and Bone Movement

Joint mobility is the basis of the functional classification of joints. Joints are grouped by how much movement they allow between nearby bones. They are classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis. A synarthrosis is an immobile or nearly immobile joint. These joints form a strong union between bones. That strength is important where the bones help protect internal organs. Examples include sutures between the bones of the skull, which protect the brain, and the manubriosternal...

structural classification of joints

Types of Body Joints by Movement

Body joints, or articulations, are grouped by how the bones are connected and how much they move. The main structural features are the tissue between the bones and whether a fluid-filled joint cavity is present. These differences divide joints into three structural classes. Fibrous joints connect adjacent bones with fibrous connective tissue. They do not have a synovial cavity. The bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers, so movement is minimal to none. <br...

structural joints: fibrous joints

Fibrous Joints in Skull, Teeth, and Limbs

Fibrous joints connect bones with fibrous connective tissue. They give the body stability and allow little to no movement between the bones that meet there. There are three kinds of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. A suture joins the bones of the skull, except for the mandible. The strong fibrous tissue at these joints helps protect the brain and shape the face. In adults, the skull bones lie close together, and fibrous tissue fills the narrow space between them. Many...

structural joints: cartilaginous joints

Cartilage Joints in Bones and Growth

Cartilaginous joints are bone connections made with cartilage, a tough but flexible connective tissue. They do not have a joint cavity like synovial joints. Instead, the bones are linked by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. One type of cartilaginous joint is the synchondrosis, which means bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. A synchondrosis can be temporary or permanent. The temporary form is the epiphyseal, or growth, plate in a growing long bone. This plate is the growing hyaline...

structural joints: synovial joints

Synovial Joints: Mobility and Lubrication

Synovial joints are the body’s most mobile joints. They have a joint cavity, which is a fluid-filled space where the bones meet. Unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the bone surfaces in a synovial joint are not directly joined by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This structure lets the bones move smoothly against each other. The walls of the joint cavity are made by the articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure that attaches to each bone just outside the articulating...

The vertebral column has synovial joints that help control how the spine moves. Adjacent vertebrae connect not only through the intervertebral discs, but also through joints between the superior and inferior articular processes. These joints are called zygapophysial joints, or facet joints, and they are plane joints that allow only limited motion. The direction of the articular processes changes in different regions of the spine. This change affects which movements are possible in each area.

knee joint

Knee Joint Ligaments and Menisci

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It includes three articulations: two tibiofemoral joints and one patellofemoral joint. As a synovial joint, it has a thin articular capsule that partly surrounds the joint cavity. Several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures help the knee move and stay stable. Seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris muscle group, is the main ligament that stabilizes the...

ankle joint

Ankle Hinge Motion and Ligaments

The ankle joint is a hinge joint that links the foot and lower leg. It is formed by the talocrural joint, which brings together the talus bone of the foot with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the leg. The talus has a square-shaped top surface with three areas of articulation. The upper part of the talus meets the inferior tibia and carries body weight between the leg and foot. The medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula hold the talus in place on the...

development of the limb synovial joints

How Limb Joints Form in the Embryo

Limb synovial joints form during embryonic development as the bones of the arms and legs begin to take shape. The process starts with mesenchyme, the embryonic tissue that gives rise to bones, cartilage, and connective tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells first become chondrocytes, which make hyaline cartilage. This cartilage later becomes the model for each bone and then turns into bone through endochondral ossification. The limbs first appear as small limb buds on the sides of the embryo near the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how facet joints, cervical and lumbar vertebrae, and the atlas-axis joints shape spine movement and head motion in the vertebral column.

How Vertebrae and Joints Control Spine Motion | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

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Muscular System

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Muscular System

How Vertebrae and Joints Control Spine Motion

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