Name: kidney nephron structure and function
Uploaded: 2024-12-20T14:49:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Absorption And Excretion

Urinary System

Nephrons

A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. It comprises two main parts &#8212; the renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
The renal corpuscle, where blood plasma filtration occurs, contains the glomerulus &#8212; a capillary network, and Bowman&#39;s capsule &#8212; a double-walled epithelial cup surrounding the glomerulus.
The renal tubule, which receives the filtered fluid or glomerular filtrate, has three sections &#8212; the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle or nephron loop, and the distal convoluted tubule.
Inside each nephron, the renal corpuscle and proximal and distal convoluted tubules are in the cortex, with the loop of Henle extending toward the medulla.
There are about 1 million nephrons in each kidney, and 80 to 85% of them are located in the cortex. These cortical nephrons have shorter nephron loops.
The remaining 15 to 20% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons. They are present deeper in the cortex near the medulla and feature longer loops extending further into the medulla.

nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman&#39;s capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma happens within the Bowman&#39;s capsule, where the processed liquid transfers into the renal tubule.
The renal tubule is subdivided into three primary segments: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle (nephron loop), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The PCT is nearer to the Bowman&#39;s capsule, while the DCT is further distanced. The renal corpuscles and the convoluted tubules are found in the renal cortex, whereas the nephron loop dips into the renal medulla, performs a U-turn, and returns to the renal cortex. The distal convoluted tubules from various nephrons empty into a collecting duct, which merges with other collecting ducts to form major papillary ducts that drain into the minor calyces. These ducts travel from the renal cortex, through the renal medulla, and into the minor calyces.
The loop of Henle acts as a connection between the PCT and DCT. The loop of Henle starts where the PCT ends and dips into the renal medulla, forming the descending limb. After a sharp turn, it ascends back to the renal cortex, forming the ascending limb, which ends at the DCT.
Around 80&#8211;85% of nephrons are cortical nephrons, found in the outer part of the renal cortex. They have short loops of Henle that mainly reside in the cortex and slightly enter the outer region of the renal medulla. Their short nephron loops receive blood from the peritubular capillaries, which stem from efferent arterioles. The remaining 15&#8211;20% are juxtamedullary nephrons, situated close to the medulla in the deeper parts of the cortex. They have long nephron loops that reach far into the medulla and receive blood from both the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta, which also stem from efferent arterioles. Their ascending limb consists of a thin and a thick segment. The thin ascending limb&#39;s lumen is the same as that of other parts of the renal tubule; only the epithelial layer is slimmer. The presence of nephrons with long nephron loops is critical for the kidney&#39;s ability to eradicate urine of varied concentrations.
There are several diseases associated with nephrons. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a prevalent condition that signifies a gradual loss of kidney function over time. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), on the other hand, is characterized by a sudden drop in kidney function, often triggered by an injury or infection. Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli, while nephrotic syndrome is a disorder where the kidneys excrete too much protein into the urine. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder causing numerous cysts to grow within the kidneys, affecting their function over time. Finally, kidney stones, although not directly a nephron disease, can obstruct the flow of filtrate through the nephrons, causing severe discomfort and potential complications.

A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. It comprises two main parts &#8212; the renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
The renal corpuscle, where blood ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

The Urinary System

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

kidney nephron structure and function

Kidneys contain millions of nephrons, the working units that filter blood and form urine. Each nephron has two main parts. The renal corpuscle filters blood plasma, and the renal tubule processes the glomerular filtrate.

The renal corpuscle is made of the glomerulus and Bowman&amp;#39;s capsule. The glomerulus is a capillary network, and Bowman&amp;#39;s capsule is a double-walled epithelial structure around it. Blood plasma is filtered in Bowman&amp;#39;s capsule, and the filtered fluid then moves into the renal tubule.

The renal tubule has three main segments. These are the proximal convoluted tubule, or PCT, the loop of Henle, also called the nephron loop, and the distal convoluted tubule, or DCT. The PCT lies close to Bowman&amp;#39;s capsule, while the DCT is farther away. The PCT, DCT, and renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex.

The loop of Henle connects the PCT and DCT. It begins where the PCT ends and dips into the renal medulla, where it forms the descending limb. After a sharp turn, it rises back into the renal cortex as the ascending limb and ends at the DCT. Many distal convoluted tubules empty into a collecting duct. These collecting ducts join to form major papillary ducts that drain into the minor calyces.

Nephrons are also grouped by position and loop length. About 80 to 85 percent are cortical nephrons in the outer renal cortex. They have short loops of Henle that stay mostly in the cortex and only enter the outer medulla a little. Their blood supply comes from peritubular capillaries, which arise from efferent arterioles. The other 15 to 20 percent are juxtamedullary nephrons, which lie deeper in the cortex near the medulla.

Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend far into the medulla. They receive blood from both peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta, which also come from efferent arterioles. Their ascending limb has thin and thick parts, and the thin ascending limb has the same lumen size as other renal tubule segments but a thinner epithelial layer. These long loops are important because they help the kidney produce urine with different concentrations.

Several diseases are linked to nephron damage or function. Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, causes a gradual loss of kidney function over time. Acute kidney injury, or AKI, causes a sudden drop in kidney function and is often triggered by injury or infection. Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli, nephrotic syndrome causes too much protein to leave in urine, and polycystic kidney disease, or PKD, leads to many cysts growing in the kidneys and affecting function over time.

Kidney stones are not directly a nephron disease, but they can block the flow of filtrate through the nephrons. This blockage can cause severe pain and other complications. Together, nephron structure, blood supply, and related diseases show how important these kidney units are for normal filtration.

Kidney Nephron Structure and Function

introduction to urinary system

Urinary System: Organs and Key Functions

The urinary system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. Together, these organs remove wastes from the blood and help keep body conditions stable. The kidneys are bean-shaped and sit in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, between T12 and L3. They are partly protected by the rib cage and cushioned by perirenal fat. The kidneys make urine and also help control blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. Each ureter...

external anatomy of the kidney

Kidney Structure, Position, and Coverings

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs that help keep the body healthy. They filter waste from the blood, help regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and support red blood cell production. The kidneys sit in the retroperitoneal space, which means behind the abdominal lining, on either side of the vertebral column. The 11th and 12th ribs protect them from behind. The right kidney lies slightly lower than the left because the liver is above it. In adults, the kidneys are...

internal anatomy of the kidney

Kidney Cortex, Medulla, and Pelvis

The kidney is a vital organ that helps maintain homeostasis and overall health. It sits against the posterior abdominal wall, behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine. The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs. They are found roughly between the twelfth thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra, and each one is usually 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, 3-4 cm thick, and about 150 grams. The outer region of the kidney is the renal cortex. It is a light-colored layer that surrounds...

blood and nerve supply to the kidney

Kidney Blood Vessels and Nerve Control

The kidneys rely on a strong network of blood vessels and nerves to filter blood and keep body fluids balanced. They remove waste, regulate electrolytes, and depend on steady circulation to do this work. Their nerve supply also helps control filtration, urine flow, and blood pressure. Blood reaches each kidney through the renal arteries, which branch off the abdominal aorta. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the notch on the medial side of each kidney. Inside the kidney, each renal...

Kidneys contain millions of nephrons, the working units that filter blood and form urine. Each nephron has two main parts. The renal corpuscle filters blood plasma, and the renal tubule processes the glomerular filtrate. The renal corpuscle is made of the glomerulus and Bowman&amp;#39;s capsule. The glomerulus is a capillary network, and Bowman&amp;#39;s capsule is a double-walled epithelial structure around it. Blood plasma is filtered in Bowman&amp;#39;s capsule, and the filtered fluid then...

renal corpuscle

Kidney Filtration in the Renal Corpuscle

The renal corpuscle begins kidney filtration in the nephron. It includes the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, two microscopic structures that work together to help make urine. The glomerulus filters blood, and Bowman’s capsule collects the fluid that passes through. The glomerulus is a tiny tuft of capillaries at the start of the nephron. It sits inside Bowman’s capsule and gets blood from an afferent arteriole. Blood leaves through an efferent arteriole. This setup is unusual because the...

renal tubule and collecting duct

How Nephrons Reclaim Water and Salts

The renal tubule reclaims useful substances and helps the body manage water, salts, and pH. It has three main parts: the proximal convoluted tubule, the Loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule. These segments work with the collecting duct to form urine and keep internal conditions stable. The proximal convoluted tubule, or PCT, is the first segment and extends from Bowman’s capsule around the glomerulus. Its coiled shape and microvilli, which are tiny membrane folds, increase surface...

physiology of urine formation

How the Kidneys Make Urine

The kidneys make urine through a careful process that helps keep body fluids stable. This process supports homeostasis, which means the body keeps its internal conditions balanced. The kidneys remove wastes and extra substances from the blood and turn them into urine. The first stage is glomerular filtration. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood. At the center of each nephron is the glomerulus, a network of tiny capillaries where filtration...

glomerular filtration

Selective Kidney Filtration Membrane

The selective kidney filtration membrane filters blood in the renal system. It is made of glomerular capillaries and podocytes. Together, these structures form a barrier that lets water and small solutes pass while keeping most plasma proteins and blood cells in the bloodstream. The filtration process depends on three layers. The first is the glomerular endothelial cells, which line the capillaries. These cells have large pores called fenestrations. The fenestrations let blood plasma solutes...

glomerular filtration: net filtration pressure

glomerular-filtration-net-filtration-pressure

Kidney Filtration Forces in the Glomerulus

Kidney filtration in the glomerulus depends on the balance of three pressures. These forces control how much blood plasma moves from the glomerulus into the capsular space. The process is driven by glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure, or GBHP, and opposed by capsular hydrostatic pressure, or CHP, and blood colloid osmotic pressure, or BCOP. GBHP is the pressure of blood inside the glomerular capillaries. It averages about 55 mmHg and pushes water and dissolved solutes through the filtration...

glomerular filtration rate and its regulation

glomerular-filtration-rate-and-its-regulation

How Kidneys Keep GFR Stable

Glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, is a key measure of kidney function. It shows how much filtrate the kidneys form each minute. Average GFR is about 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Keeping GFR steady helps the kidneys control body fluid balance and maintain extracellular stability. The body uses intrinsic controls first. These include the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback. The myogenic mechanism responds to changes in systemic blood pressure. When blood...

tubular reabsorption and secretion

Kidney Tubule Transport in the Nephron

Kidney tubule transport in the nephron changes the fluid that leaves the glomerulus. Once this fluid enters the proximal convoluted tubule, it is called filtrate. Its composition shifts as the tubule reabsorbs useful substances and secretes unwanted ones. Tubular reabsorption is a selective process that begins in the proximal tubules. Substances can move by the transcellular route, which passes through the tubule cell and into the peritubular capillaries, or by the paracellular route, which...

reabsorption and secretion in the pct

PCT Transport of Glucose, Water, and Ions

The proximal convoluted tubule, or PCT, is a major site where filtered water, ions, glucose, and amino acids are moved back into the body. It works in the kidney’s filtration system after the glomeruli produce the filtered fluid. Most of the filtered water and many solutes are reabsorbed here. Sodium ion transport drives much of this reabsorption. The PCT uses symport, which moves substances in the same direction, and antiport, which moves substances in opposite directions. One key example is...

reabsorption and secretion in the loop of henle

reabsorption-and-secretion-in-the-loop-of-henle

Ion Movement in the Loop of Henle

The loop of Henle controls ion movement in the nephron. In the thick ascending limb, cells use Na+–K+–2Cl− symporters on the apical membrane to take up one sodium ion, one potassium ion, and two chloride ions from the tubular fluid. After entry into the cell, sodium ions are pumped into the interstitial fluid at the base and sides of the cell. They then diffuse into the vasa recta, the tiny blood vessels that help carry substances away. Chloride ions leave through leakage channels in the...

reabsorption and secretion in the dct and collecting duct

reabsorption-and-secretion-in-the-dct-and-collecting-duct

How ADH Changes Kidney Water Reabsorption

The early distal convoluted tubule, or DCT, reabsorbs water and salts as filtrate moves through the kidney. It handles about 10 to 15% of filtered water and about 5 to 10% of filtered sodium and chloride. This part of the tubule uses Na+-Cl- symporters on the apical membrane, sodium-potassium pumps, and chloride leakage channels on the basolateral membrane. The early DCT is also a place where parathyroid hormone, or PTH, can increase calcium reabsorption when the body needs it. Farther along,...

urine: physical and chemical properties

Urine Color, Smell, and pH

Urine is mostly water, but its color, smell, pH, and specific gravity can reveal useful health clues. It is about 95% water and 5% solutes. The main solute is urea, which forms when amino acids are broken down. Other important waste products include uric acid, from nucleic acid metabolism, and creatinine, from creatine phosphate breakdown in skeletal muscle tissue. Urine also contains many dissolved ions and small molecules. These include sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate, sulfate,...

formation of dilute urine

How Kidneys Excrete Excess Water

The kidneys excrete excess water by making dilute urine, especially during high fluid intake. This process depends mainly on juxtamedullary nephrons, which help the body keep fluid balance by adjusting how much water and ions stay in the filtrate. As filtrate moves through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its osmolarity stays isosmotic with the renal cortex. Osmolarity means the concentration of dissolved particles in a fluid. In the PCT, water and solutes are reabsorbed together, so the...

formation of concentrated urine

Kidney Loop Mechanisms for Urine Concentration

Kidney loop mechanisms help the body conserve water by making urine more concentrated. A steep solute gradient forms in the kidney medulla, the inner region of the kidney. This medullary osmotic gradient runs from the renal cortex down through the medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons build and maintain this gradient. Their loops extend deep into the medulla, where countercurrent mechanisms work. Countercurrent multiplication happens when the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop...

renal clearance

Measuring Kidney Function with Clearance

Kidney function can be measured by looking at glomerular filtration rate, or GFR. GFR shows how efficiently the glomeruli filter blood. Renal clearance is one common way to estimate this rate using substances such as inulin or creatinine. Renal clearance means the volume of plasma that is cleared of a specific substance in a set time. To measure it, urine is collected during each bladder voiding over a 24-hour period. A single blood sample is taken at the end of that interval. The clearance...

ureters

Urine Flow Through the Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes that carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. They lie on either side of the vertebral column. These tubes have thick walls and are about 25 to 30 cm long. At the renal pelvis, the ureter is about 10 mm wide. It then narrows to about 1 mm as it enters the back wall of the bladder at an angle. The ureteric orifices are slit-like, and this shape helps prevent urine from flowing backward toward the kidneys when the bladder contracts. Each ureter...

urinary bladder

Bladder Structure and Urine Storage

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that stores urine before it leaves the body. It can hold about 600 mL of urine before micturition, or urination. The bladder sits behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor and is retroperitoneal, meaning it lies behind the lining of the abdominal cavity. Its position changes slightly by sex. In males, the bladder lies in front of the rectum. In females, it is located anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bottom of the bladder has a...

the micturition reflex

Bladder Filling and Urine Release

Urination depends on the bladder, its detrusor muscle, and two sphincters working together. The detrusor muscle is the smooth muscle in the bladder wall. The two sphincters help keep urine in the bladder until it is time to empty it. As urine builds up, the bladder wall stretches. That stretch activates the urine storage reflex. This reflex is controlled by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. During storage, sympathetic signals make the detrusor muscle relax and the...

urethra

Urine Flow Through the Urethra

The urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body. It runs from the bladder to the external opening, where urine leaves the urinary system. Its main job is to release urine, but its structure and role are not the same in males and females. In females, the urethra is short. It measures about 3–4 cm and opens in front of the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis. It has two jobs in males. It carries urine and also helps eject semen. The male...

dialysis

Dialysis for Kidney Failure Support

Dialysis helps support people with renal failure when the kidneys can no longer filter waste from the blood well. Renal failure can be acute renal failure (ARF), which begins suddenly, or chronic renal failure (CRF), which develops slowly over time. Acute kidney injury may come from pre-renal causes such as hypovolemia or shock, intrinsic renal causes such as acute tubular necrosis, or post-renal causes such as urinary obstruction. Chronic renal failure is often linked to diabetes mellitus and...

disorders of the urinary system

Common Urinary Tract Problems and Their Effects

The urinary system removes waste and extra fluid from the body. Several urinary tract problems can disrupt this process. These problems may result from infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, or lifestyle factors. Urinary tract infections, or UTIs, are among the most common disorders. Bacteria enter the urethra and may spread to the bladder, causing cystitis. If the infection moves up to the renal pelvis, it becomes pyelonephritis. UTIs are usually treated with antibiotics, but...

key terms and concepts

Learn how nephrons filter blood, move filtrate through the renal tubule, and support urine formation. Includes cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons and common diseases.

Kidney Nephron Structure and Function | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.47

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Respiratory System

Kidney Nephron Structure and Function

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