Name: surveying with light and microwave edms
Uploaded: 2025-08-29T12:09:50.000Z
Duration: 1 min 30 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

9-12.ESS.2.8.a

electronic-distance-measuring-instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

إلكترونية لقياس المسافة (EDM) تقيس المسافات بدقة باستخدام موجات الضوء أو إشارات الميكروويف. ترسل كلتا الطريقتين إشارة كهرومغناطيسية من الجهاز إلى عاكس عند النقطة المستهدفة والعودة إلى الجهاز. الوقت المستغرق لإرجاع الإشارة يسمح ل EDM بحساب المسافة بدقة.الأدوات التي تستخدم الإشارات المستندة إلى الضوء فعالة بشكل عام للمسافات الأقصر والواضحة. تستخدم هذه الأدوات عادة ضوء الأشعة تحت الحمراء أو الليزر، مما يضمن دقة عالية عندما تكون الظروف البيئية واضحة. من ناحية أخرى, EDMs المستندة إلى الميكروويف مناسبة تماما للمسافات الأطول ويمكن أن تعمل بفعالية في الطقس الصعب لأن الموجات الدقيقة تخترق العوائق مثل الضباب والمطر.ضمن هذه الأنواع من الإشارات، تقيس EDMs المسافات باستخدام طرق Phase Shift أو Timed-Pulse. Phase Shift EDMs تقيس فرق الطور بين الإشارات الصادرة والواردة، مما يحقق دقة عالية على مسافات قصيرة.  قياس EDMs ذات النبض الموقوت الوقت الذي تستغرقه الإشارة للانتقال إلى الهدف والعودة ، مما يسمح بقياسات دقيقة بعيدة المدى. توفر هذه الأساليب القدرة على التكيف عبر مهام المسح المختلفة، مما يعزز الدقة والكفاءة في قياس المسافة.

أدوات قياس المسافة الإلكترونية

تعد أدوات قياس المسافة الإلكترونية (EDMs) أدوات أساسية في المسح الحديث ، حيث تقدم قياسات دقيقة للمسافة عن طريق إصدار إشارات كهرومغناطيسية وحساب الوقت اللازم لهذه الإشارات للانتقال إلى الهدف والعودة. يتم استخدام نوعين أساسيين من الإشارات في EDMs - موجات الضوء والموجات الدقيقة - كل منهما يناسب متطلبات بيئية ومسافة محددة. تستخدم EDMs القائمة على الموجات الضوئية إما ضوء الأشعة تحت الحمراء أو الليزر ، مما يوفر دقة عالية على مسافات قصيرة في ظروف الطقس الصافية. على النقيض من ذلك ، تم تحسين EDMs المستندة إلى الميكروويف لقياسات المسافات الطويلة. يمكنهم الحفاظ على الوظائف في الطقس السيئ ، حيث أن أفران الميكروويف أقل تأثرا بالعوائق البيئية مثل الضباب أو المطر أو الغبار. تعتمد EDMs للموجات الضوئية على الموجات الكهرومغناطيسية في الأشعة تحت الحمراء أو الطيف المرئي ، مما يتيح قياسات دقيقة في ظل الظروف المثلى. ومع ذلك ، يمكن أن تؤثر عوامل مثل كثافة الغلاف الجوي وتداخل الجسيمات على الدقة. تعتبر أجهزة EDM القائمة على الليزر ذات قيمة خاصة في التطبيقات التي تتطلب دقة عالية في الأماكن الخالية من العوائق ، مثل البناء أو المشاريع الهندسية. تعمل EDMs القائمة على الميكروويف ضمن نطاق تردد الميكروويف ، مما يسمح لها باجتياز التداخلات الجوية بشكل فعال ، مما يجعلها مثالية للمسح الطبوغرافي وتقييمات الموقع عن بعد. يمكن أن تعمل EDMs باستخدام طرق قياس Phase Shift أو Timed-Pulse. تحدد EDMs Phase Shift المسافات من خلال مقارنة فرق الطور بين الإشارات المنبعثة والمنعكسة ، مما يحقق دقة عالية للمسافات القصيرة. هذه الطريقة مفيدة بشكل خاص عندما تكون الدقة ذات أهمية قصوى ، كما هو الحال في التطبيقات الجيوديسية أو الهندسية. من ناحية أخرى ، تحسب EDMs ذات النبض الموقوت المسافة بناء على التأخير الزمني بين الإشارة الصادرة والواردة. تناسب هذه الطريقة القياسات بعيدة المدى حيث تكون الأولوية هي الحصول على البيانات بكفاءة عبر المناطق الواسعة. كثيرا ما تستخدم قياسات النبض الموقوتة في رسم الخرائط الجغرافية المكانية ومسح الأراضي. تسمح هذه التقنيات والأساليب معا ل EDMs بالتكيف مع احتياجات المسح المتنوعة ، مما يحسن دقة وكفاءة قياس المسافة عبر مختلف الظروف البيئية ونطاقات المشروع.

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting ...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

الهندسة المدنية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Introduction to Surveying

مقدمة في المساحة

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

surveying with light and microwave edms

Electronic distance measuring instruments, or EDMs, help surveyors measure distance with electromagnetic signals. The instrument sends a signal to a target and then calculates how long it takes to return. This makes EDMs a precise tool for modern surveying.

EDMs use two main signal types: light waves and microwaves. Light-wave EDMs use infrared or laser light, so they work well over short distances in clear weather. They give high accuracy, but atmospheric density and particles in the air can reduce their precision.

Laser-based EDMs are especially useful when very exact measurements are needed in open, unobstructed settings. They are often used in construction and engineering projects. Microwave-based EDMs are better for long-distance measurements and can still work in fog, rain, or dust because microwaves are less affected by those conditions. That makes them useful for topographic surveying and remote location assessments.

EDMs also use two measurement methods: phase shift and timed pulse. Phase shift EDMs compare the phase difference between the outgoing and reflected signals. This method is highly accurate for short distances and is useful in geodetic and engineering work. Timed-pulse EDMs measure the delay between the outgoing and incoming signal, which makes them a strong choice for long-range surveying and geospatial mapping.

Surveying With Light and Microwave EDMs

introduction to surveying, plane surveying and geodetic surveys

introduction-to-surveying-plane-surveying-and-geodetic-surveys

Surveying Methods for Land and Construction

Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It uses measurements of distance, horizontal and vertical angles, and levels to describe the shape and size of land features. Surveying is also used to find the level of a land area with reference to a chosen point. It helps map land undulations and water bodies. These measurements give clear data for planning and field work. Two main surveying methods are plane surveying and geodetic surveying. Plane surveying treats the earth...

types of surveys

Survey Methods for Land and Water

Survey methods for land and water help define property boundaries and map features near water bodies. Each survey type has a different job. Together, they give accurate information for land-related projects and development. Land surveys mark property lines. Route surveys show the position of properties along nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by recording the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys examine underwater shapes and the movement of streams...

survey safety

Surveying Field Hazards and Protection

Surveying in the field can bring hazards from roads, rough ground, and nearby power lines. Safety starts with planning the work area and avoiding direct work on roads whenever possible. Surveyors often use offsets instead. An offset means measuring from a safer spot away from traffic. Highway work is especially dangerous and must include warning signs and flagmen. If surveyors must work along a road, they need to follow all safety guidelines. Bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests,...

errors and mistakes in surveying

Survey Measurement Errors and Common Mistakes

Survey measurements can be affected by errors and mistakes. These issues create inaccuracies in measured values and in the way data is recorded. In surveying, errors are unintentional deviations from the true value. They can come from human sensory limits, imperfect equipment, or outside conditions. Mistakes are different from errors. They happen when the surveyor loses attention, misunderstands a procedure, or makes a bad judgment call. Common examples include writing down the wrong value,...

distance measurements by taping

Survey Taping Tools for Accurate Distance

Survey taping tools help measure short distances accurately in the field. Surveyors use tapes because they are durable, flexible, and suited for outdoor work. Many tapes are made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, which helps protect them from rust and wear. Standard tapes are often about 30 meters long and marked in meters and millimeters for precise readings. Surveyors choose a tape based on the site and the level of accuracy needed. Lightweight nylon-coated tapes are common because they...

taping over different ground profiles

Measuring Tape on Uneven Ground

Measuring tape on uneven ground requires careful setup to keep distance readings accurate. On smooth, level ground with little vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. A taping team usually works with a head tapeman and a rear tapeman. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the start point and helps guide the head tapeman toward a range pole beyond the end point. They use hand signals or voice signals to stay aligned. On sloping ground, uneven terrain, or in dense underbrush, the tape...

distance corrections

Correcting Survey Distance Measurements

Survey distance measurements often need corrections to stay accurate. In surveying and construction, the first step is to adjust for standardization error, temperature changes, and slope. These corrections help turn an initial tape measurement into a more reliable final distance. Standardization error happens when measuring equipment changes over time. Wear, repairs, and weather can all affect the tape or tool. Surveyors compare the equipment readings with a standard to find any difference...

errors in taping

Survey Tape Measurement Mistakes

Survey tape measurements can be affected by several common mistakes that reduce accuracy. Misalignment of the tape is one major source of error. A rear tapeman can use a telescope to guide the head tapeman, but human limits still allow small mistakes in alignment, pin placement, and tape reading. Reading the tape can also be confusing when markings are worn with age. A surveyor may mistake a six for a nine or make other small visual errors. These reading mistakes become more common as the tape...

electronic distance measuring instruments

Electronic distance measuring instruments, or EDMs, help surveyors measure distance with electromagnetic signals. The instrument sends a signal to a target and then calculates how long it takes to return. This makes EDMs a precise tool for modern surveying. EDMs use two main signal types: light waves and microwaves. Light-wave EDMs use infrared or laser light, so they work well over short distances in clear weather. They give high accuracy, but atmospheric density and particles in the air can...

design example: measuring distance between two points with obstructions

design-example-measuring-distance-between-two-points-with-obstructions

Offset Method for Measuring Across Obstructions

The offset method helps surveyors measure distance across an obstruction such as a lake in a field. It is useful when a measuring tape cannot be stretched in a straight line over the blocked area. The method lets surveyors estimate the true length without direct line measurement. A surveyor starts by setting up a baseline that lines up with the side of the area across the lake. A telescope is used to check the alignment from one end of the side to the other. This creates an imaginary line over...

key terms and concepts

Learn how EDMs measure distance using light or microwave signals, plus phase shift and timed-pulse methods used in surveying, mapping, and engineering.

Surveying With Light and Microwave EDMs | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

physical-properties-of-minerals-i-crystals-and-cleavage

Physical Properties Of Minerals I: Crystals and Cleavage

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals comprise various measurable and discernible ...

physical-properties-of-minerals-ii-polymineralic-analysis

Physical Properties Of Minerals II: Polymineralic Analysis

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals include various measurable and discernible ...

Types of Building Stone

Building stones are sourced by extracting rock from natural rock deposits and shaping it into the specific forms and dimensions needed for building ...

4. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the geologic conditions and processes that form different Earth materials.

9-12.ESS.2.4

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

Quarrying of Stone

Quarrying involves the meticulous extraction of stone from a quarry by either using controlled explosions or precision cutting techniques to remove the ...

a. Plan and carry out investigations to explore the processes that form plutonic (intrusive) and volcanic (extrusive) igneous rocks of differing compositions and textures. Example: Conduct a crystallization experiment to determine how speed of cooling affects crystal size.

9-12.ESS.2.4.a

Acid Attack on Concrete

Acids interacting with concrete dissolve the hydrated cement paste, leading to a softened and structurally weakened material.
Acidity breaks down the ...

Abrasion Resistance of Concrete

Concrete abrasion can occur from vehicular wear on surfaces or abrasive solids in water, which erodes canal linings.
The shot-blast test evaluates ...

turbidity-and-total-solids-in-surface-water

Turbidity and Total Solids in Surface Water

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Turbidity and total solids are related measurements addressing clarity of ...

b. Analyze and interpret data to explain the effects of mechanical and chemical weathering and erosion on Earth's materials by wind, water, ice, and gravity.

9-12.ESS.2.4.b

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

c. Construct an explanation using evidence from experiments, models, or data of the processes that create and transform igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

9-12.ESS.2.4.c

Pore Size Distribution

Capillary pores are considerably larger than gel pores, and various pore sizes exist within the hardened cement paste.
In conditions of partial hydration, ...

determination-of-moisture-content-in-soil

Determination of Moisture Content in Soil

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona
Demonstrating Author: Bradley Schmitz
Soils normally contain a ...

non-destructive-tests-for-concrete-strength

Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength

Non-destructive tests, such as the rebound hammer test and penetration resistance test, can be used to determine the strength of concrete in an existing ...

d. Plan and conduct an investigation on water's effect on surface and subsurface processes. Examples: Use particles of varying sizes to determine how the speed of water impacts particle distribution. Use the porosity and permeability of particles of various sizes to determine how the size and sorting of particles affects water movement.

9-12.ESS.2.4.d

gis-software-hardware-and-sources-of-gis-data

GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data

A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS ...

Manipulation and Analysis

GIS manipulation and analysis functions are vital for decision-making and planning. These activities range from data retrieval tasks, such as selecting ...

Using GIS to Investigate Urban Forestry

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Urban forests broadly include urban parks, street trees, landscaped ...

e. Obtain and communicate information about significant geologic characteristics in Alabama and the southeastern United States. Examples: types of rocks, caves, sinkholes, minerals, energy resources

9-12.ESS.2.4.e

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms ...

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of ...

5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about major events in Earth's history.

9-12.ESS.2.5

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Isotopes

Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number ...

a. Analyze and interpret data to sequence events in Earth's history, including relative and absolute dating techniques, principles of superposition and crosscutting relationships, igneous intrusions, radiometric dating, and the fossil record.

9-12.ESS.2.5.a

Extinction

The History of Life on Earth
Fossils of organisms that were different from anything alive today had been documented as early as the 17th century, but it ...

b. Construct an explanation based on evidence of how catastrophic and long-term events have impacted life on Earth, including mass extinctions.

9-12.ESS.2.5.b

The Colonization of Land

Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a multipart, biochemical process that occurs in plants as well as in some bacteria. It captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to ...

c. Construct explanations from evidence of how the flow of energy through Earth's systems has changed over time. Example: Earth's oxygen level was lowest during the Cryptozoic Eon (Precambrian) and highest in the Carboniferous.

9-12.ESS.2.5.c

an-overview-of-bgdgt-biomarker-analysis-for-paleoclimatology

An Overview of bGDGT Biomarker Analysis for Paleoclimatology

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

d. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about important tectonic and geologic events that have occurred in Alabama over geologic time. Examples: geologic ages and types of rocks, fluctuations in sea levels, temperature changes

9-12.ESS.2.5.d

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

6. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the theory of plate tectonics.

9-12.ESS.2.6

a. Construct an evidence-based explanation of continental drift, basing conclusions on comparisons of coastlines, fossils, ages of rocks, climate, and magnetic patterns.

9-12.ESS.2.6.a

b. Construct an explanation, based on evidence, of tectonic plate movement, types of plate boundaries, and how boundary type relates to specific tectonic features, including mountain ranges, earthquakes, volcanism, volcanic islands, hotspots, mid-ocean ridges, and faults.

9-12.ESS.2.6.b

c. Develop and interpret a model of Earth's internal structure and composition, including inner core, outer core, asthenosphere, lithosphere, mantle, and crust.

9-12.ESS.2.6.c

d. Analyze data to interpret seismic activity and assess the risk of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in Alabama and other areas in the United States.

9-12.ESS.2.6.d

applications-of-gis-disaster-management-and-emergency-response

Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical ...

Coordinates and Map Projections

Coordinates and map projections are essential tools in accurately representing the Earth's surface for various applications, ranging from navigation to ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of ...

conduction-convection-and-radiation-problem-solving

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

phase-transitions-vaporization-and-condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the ...

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance&#8212;the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces&#8212;depends ...

7. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the role of energy transfer in wind, precipitation, cloud formation, and front formation.

9-12.ESS.2.7

a. Obtain and communicate information to explain how water cycles through the atmosphere, including condensation, evaporation, clouds, types of precipitation, relative humidity, and dew point.

9-12.ESS.2.7.a

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. ...

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy&#160;

Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...

b. Plan and carry out an investigation to determine the differential heating of land and water and explain how these differences create changes in local and global weather. Example: Heat water and soil under lamps for 10 minutes and allow water and soil to cool for 10 minutes, then apply the results to explain land and sea breezes.

9-12.ESS.2.7.b

definition-measurement-pressure-atmospheric-pressure-barometer

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any ...

gas-laws-boyle-s-gay-lussac-charles-avogadro-s-and-ideal-gas-law

Gas Laws: Boyle's, Gay-Lussac, Charles', Avogadro's, and Ideal Gas Law

Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and ...

Ideal Gas Equation

The ideal gas equation is an equation of state that relates the state variables pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a hypothetical ...

c. Construct an explanation of how air masses, source regions, fronts, weather changes associated with frontal passage (including cold, warm, occluded, and stationary fronts), air pressure, air density, temperature, cloud types, and precipitation are related to each other.

Surveying With Light and Microwave EDMs

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