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Ethers are organic compounds containing an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups, represented by the general formula CnH2n+2O. The oxygen atom is sp3 hybridized and forms sigma bonds with carbon atoms. Ethers exhibit a bent geometry with a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond angle approximating the tetrahedral angle of 109.5 degrees, as seen in dimethyl ether with a bond angle of 110.3 degrees.

Symmetrical ethers have two identical groups attached to either side of the oxygen atom, such as dipropyl ether or diethyl ether. Unsymmetrical ethers have two different groups attached to the oxygen, like ethyl methyl ether or butyl methyl ether. Both types follow the same bonding principles but differ in their substituent composition.

Common ether names are derived by listing the names of each R group attached to oxygen in alphabetical order, followed by the word 'ether'. For example, ethyl methyl ether and methyl phenyl ether list hydrocarbon groups alphabetically. For identical groups, the prefix 'di' is used, as in diethyl ether or dipropyl ether.

IUPAC nomenclature identifies the larger R group as the parent chain and names the smaller group as an 'alkoxy' substituent. For example, methoxypropane has propane as the parent and methoxy as the substituent. For symmetrical ethers, either group can serve as the parent. Complex ethers use locants to assign the lowest possible numbers to all substituents.

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom present in a saturated ring. IUPAC nomenclature uses the prefix 'oxa' before the hydrocarbon ring name, such as oxacyclopropane or oxacyclopentane. Alternative terms like oxirane, oxetane, oxolane, and oxane indicate ring sizes from three to six carbons, respectively.

The sp3 hybridization of oxygen in ethers results in a bent molecular geometry similar to alcohols. The C-O distance is approximately 140 picometers. This tetrahedral geometry, with bond angles near 109.5 degrees, is fundamental to ether structure and influences their chemical properties and reactivity.

In complex ethers with branching or multiple substituents, locants are assigned to give the lowest possible number to all substituents. For example, 2-chloro-1-ethoxy-propane and 4-ethoxy-1-cyclohexene use numbered positions to identify substituent locations. The numbering system prioritizes the oxygen atom in cyclic ethers.