Question 1

Why does lithium aluminum hydride require two equivalents to reduce acid halides to alcohols?

Accepted Answer

Lithium aluminum hydride requires two equivalents because the reduction occurs in two distinct stages. The first equivalent converts the acid halide to an aldehyde through nucleophilic attack and halide departure. The second equivalent then attacks the aldehyde intermediate, forming an alkoxide that is protonated to yield the primary alcohol product.

Question 2

What is the role of the hydride ion in the mechanism of acid halide reduction?

Accepted Answer

The hydride ion acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This nucleophilic attack initiates the reduction process, and a second hydride attack on the resulting aldehyde generates an alkoxide intermediate that ultimately yields the primary alcohol.

Question 3

How does lithium tri(tert-butoxy) aluminum hydride differ from lithium aluminum hydride in reactivity?

Accepted Answer

Lithium tri(tert-butoxy) aluminum hydride is a milder reducing agent due to its bulky tert-butoxy groups, which create steric hindrance and reduce reactivity. This selectivity allows it to reduce acid halides to aldehydes without further reduction to alcohols, whereas lithium aluminum hydride proceeds to the primary alcohol product.

Question 4

What intermediate forms when a hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of an acid halide?

Accepted Answer

A tetrahedral intermediate forms when the hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon. This intermediate has four bonds to the central carbon and represents the transition state before the carbon-oxygen π bond reforms and the halide ion departs as a leaving group.

Question 5

What happens to the halide ion during the reduction of an acid halide to an aldehyde?

Accepted Answer

The halide ion departs as a leaving group during the second step of the mechanism. After the hydride attacks the carbonyl carbon and a tetrahedral intermediate forms, the carbon-oxygen π bond reforms, and the halide ion leaves, generating the aldehyde intermediate.

Question 6

How is the primary alcohol formed from the alkoxide intermediate?

Accepted Answer

The alkoxide intermediate is protonated in the final step of the reduction mechanism. This protonation converts the negatively charged alkoxide ion into a neutral primary alcohol product, completing the overall reduction of the acid halide to yield the desired alcohol.

Question 7

Why is selective reduction to an aldehyde possible with milder reducing agents?

Accepted Answer

Milder reducing agents like lithium tri(tert-butoxy) aluminum hydride have reduced reactivity due to steric bulk from bulky tert-butoxy groups. This lower reactivity allows them to attack the acid halide carbonyl but prevents the second nucleophilic attack on the resulting aldehyde, stopping the reaction at the aldehyde stage.

تحويل هاليدات الحمض إلى كحولات: اختزال LiAlH4

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