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Torque magnitude equals the lever arm distance multiplied by the sine component of the force. The lever arm is the perpendicular distance from the pivot point to where the force is applied. Only the force component perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to rotation. For example, a 5.0 N force at 0.25 meters with a 60-degree angle produces a torque of 0.650 Nm.

Only the perpendicular component of force generates torque about a pivot point. When force is applied perpendicular to the lever arm, the entire force magnitude contributes to rotation. Pushing at an angle reduces the effective perpendicular component, decreasing torque. This principle connects to the equation of rotational dynamics, which governs how torque produces angular acceleration.

Torque sign depends on the direction of rotation about the pivot point. Clockwise rotation produces negative torque, while counterclockwise rotation produces positive torque. The sign is assigned after calculating magnitude using the cross product of the lever arm and force vector relative to your chosen coordinate system.

Calculate individual torque for each force, then sum all torques algebraically. Include both magnitude and sign for each torque. If a force acts at the pivot point, its torque is zero. For example, three forces produce torques of -0.650 Nm, 0 Nm, and 0.5 Nm, yielding a net torque of -0.15 Nm directed into the plane.

Torque requires a lever arm—the distance from the pivot point to the force application point. When force is applied directly at the pivot, the lever arm distance is zero. Since torque equals lever arm multiplied by the force component, zero lever arm results in zero torque regardless of force magnitude.

Establish a coordinate system with the pivot point or axis of rotation as the origin. This reference frame determines how you measure lever arm distances and calculate the cross product of the lever arm and force vector. A clear coordinate system ensures consistent sign assignment and accurate net torque calculation.

Torque increases proportionally with lever arm length. A longer distance from the pivot point to the force application point produces greater torque for the same force magnitude. This is why applying force at the farthest end of a wrench handle is more effective than pushing near the pivot point, and understanding this principle is essential for work and power for rotational motion.