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The crest is the highest point of a wave, while the trough is the lowest point. Both represent the extreme positions of the medium during oscillation. As a wave passes through a medium, the crest and trough alternate, causing objects like a floating ball to move up and down in simple harmonic motion.

Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs that have the same height and slope. It represents the distance traveled by a wave during one complete period. Wavelength can be measured in centimeters, meters, or any convenient unit of length.

Amplitude is the maximum displacement of the medium from its equilibrium position. It measures how far the medium moves from its resting state and is directly related to the amount of energy carried by the wave. Greater amplitude indicates more energy in the wave.

Wave period is the time for one complete oscillation, measured in seconds, while frequency is the number of waves passing a point per unit time, measured in hertz. These parameters are inversely related: frequency equals one divided by the period. Together, they describe how often a wave oscillates.

Wave speed equals wavelength multiplied by frequency. Wavelength represents the distance traveled in one period, and frequency indicates how many waves pass per unit time. This fundamental relationship shows that faster waves have either longer wavelengths or higher frequencies, connecting all three parameters.

A floating object like a seagull or ball moves up and down in simple harmonic motion as wave crests and troughs pass underneath. The object oscillates vertically while the wave disturbance travels horizontally through the water. This vertical motion repeats with each passing wave cycle.

Wave parameters—amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency—completely describe a wave's characteristics and behavior. These parameters determine how much energy a wave carries, how fast it travels, and how it interacts with its medium. Mastering these concepts is essential for solving problems involving equations of wave motion.