العظام كنسيج ضام داعم

Bone tissue is classified into compact (cortical) bone and spongy (trabecular) bone. Compact bone is hard and dense, forming the outer layer with concentric rings called lamellae. Spongy bone is porous and located in the interior, containing thin branching structures called trabeculae that provide strength while reducing weight.

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that reside in spaces called lacunae within the bone matrix. They communicate with each other through microchannels called canaliculi and regulate bone mineral deposition by controlling the activity of other bone cells, maintaining bone homeostasis and supporting bone remodeling.

The bone matrix contains two types of material: an organic matrix rich in collagen fibrils that provides flexibility, and an inorganic matrix of mineral salts, primarily calcium, that adds stiffness. Together, these components give bone its characteristic strength and resilience.

Bone remodeling is the cycle of bone loss and formation that maintains skeletal health. Osteoclasts, large multinucleate cells, remove mineral deposits from old bone tissue through resorption. Osteoblasts then deposit circulating minerals to create new bone, regulated by osteocytes.

Compact bone is organized into subunits called osteons. Each osteon contains a blood vessel and nerve in the central Haversian canal, surrounded by radiating circles of lacunae arranged in lamellae. Microchannels called canaliculi connect lacunae to facilitate nutrient diffusion between osteocytes.

With age, the thin plates called trabeculae in spongy bone become thinner and less resilient, making bones more prone to fractures. This structural weakening reduces the bone's ability to withstand stress and increases fracture risk in older individuals.

Osteoblasts are active in bone growth and remodeling, depositing bone matrix and differentiating into osteocytes. Osteocytes regulate mineral deposition and communicate through cellular processes. Osteoclasts break down bone tissue during remodeling, aiding in mineral homeostasis maintenance.