المفاصل الهيكلية: المفاصل الغضروفية

Cartilaginous joints are classified into synchondroses and symphyses based on the connecting cartilage type. Synchondroses use hyaline cartilage to join bones and are mostly immovable. Symphyses use fibrocartilage to connect bones and allow limited movement. Both types lack a synovial cavity, distinguishing them from other structural joints.

Temporary synchondroses, like epiphyseal plates in growing bones, connect the metaphysis to the epiphysis with hyaline cartilage. After puberty, this cartilage ossifies and the bones fuse. Permanent synchondroses, such as the first sternocostal joint, retain their hyaline cartilage throughout life and do not ossify with age.

Fibrocartilage contains numerous bundles of thick collagen fibers, giving it greater ability to resist pulling and bending forces compared to hyaline cartilage. This strength allows symphyses to unite adjacent bones firmly while permitting limited movement, making fibrocartilage ideal for joints requiring both stability and flexibility.

Intervertebral discs are thick pads of fibrocartilage that form symphyses between adjacent vertebrae. They strongly unite the vertebrae while allowing small movements between them. The discs also provide crucial cushioning during weight-bearing and high-impact activities like running or jumping, protecting the vertebral column from injury.

Synchondroses are functionally classified as synarthrotic joints because they lack movement between bone and cartilage. Symphyses are classified as amphiarthrotic joints because they allow limited movement. This functional classification reflects the degree of mobility permitted at each joint type based on their structural composition.

The epiphyseal plate is a temporary synchondrosis of hyaline cartilage that unites the metaphysis to the epiphysis in growing long bones. As the bone lengthens, the cartilage grows and is progressively replaced by bone, adding to the diaphysis. After puberty, the epiphyseal cartilage completely ossifies, fusing the metaphysis and epiphysis permanently.

Cartilaginous joints lack a synovial cavity and are connected by cartilage rather than a synovial membrane. They are generally less mobile than synovial joints, with synchondroses being immovable and symphyses allowing only limited movement. This structural difference makes cartilaginous joints better suited for stability and support rather than extensive mobility.