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Sample handling comprises storage and transportation. Transportation moves samples to the laboratory without changing their physical or chemical characteristics. Storage in the laboratory prevents sample degradation through appropriate conditions like refrigeration, freezing, or dark environments depending on sample type and sensitivity to environmental factors.

Proper transportation maintains sample integrity by preventing physical or chemical changes during transit. Samples must be sealed, clearly labeled, and transported at optimal temperatures using insulated containers or cool packs to avoid cross-contamination and preserve the sample's original characteristics for accurate testing results.

Preservation techniques include freezing, which prevents thermal degradation of temperature-sensitive samples, and chemical preservation using antibacterial agents to prevent microbial growth. The choice depends on sample nature. Thermally labile samples require refrigeration or freezing, while light-sensitive samples need dark storage or amber bottles to maintain integrity.

Light-sensitive samples must be protected from sunlight to prevent degradation and maintain analytical accuracy. Store them in dark environments, amber bottles, or opaque containers. Wrapping samples in light-blocking materials provides additional protection. These storage conditions preserve sample integrity and ensure reliable analytical results throughout the testing process.

Chemical preservatives prevent microbial growth and unwanted chemical reactions that alter samples during storage and transportation. Common preservatives include antibacterial agents for general samples and anticoagulants for blood samples, which prevent clotting and maintain the integrity of cellular components. These additives ensure sample stability and accuracy.

Optimal temperature conditions during transport are essential for maintaining sample integrity and preventing degradation. Insulated containers, cool packs, and refrigerated vehicles maintain required temperature ranges. Biological samples often require refrigeration or freezing, while other samples may need room temperature conditions depending on their specific nature and sensitivity.

Clearly labeling and properly sealing samples during transportation prevents cross-contamination and ensures sample identity throughout handling and storage. Sealed containers protect samples from environmental exposure, contamination, and physical damage, maintaining their physical and chemical characteristics until analysis begins in the laboratory.