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Menopause typically occurs between ages 46 and 54, marking the end of a woman's reproductive years. This natural biological process is defined as 12 consecutive months without menstrual periods. The transition leading to menopause, called perimenopause, involves gradual decline in ovarian function and estrogen production.

During perimenopause, ovarian function gradually declines and ovaries become less responsive to hormonal signals from the pituitary gland. This reduced response to gonadotropin signals leads to declining estrogen levels, causing menstrual periods to become irregular before eventually stopping completely. Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle becomes disrupted during this transition.

Reduced estrogen levels after menopause cause a significant decline in bone mineral density, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone strength, so its loss during menopause accelerates bone loss and weakens skeletal structure, making fractures more likely.

Menopause causes diverse symptoms including hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, and vaginal dryness. Emotional symptoms include depression, anxiety, mood swings, and insomnia. Weight gain also commonly occurs due to hormonal changes and metabolic shifts during this transition.

Males experience a more gradual decline in reproductive function than females. Around age 55, testosterone synthesis decreases, reducing muscle strength and sexual desire. Although sperm production declines between ages 60 and 80, viable sperm may still be present in substantial quantities, allowing potential reproduction.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most males over age 60. This enlargement compresses the prostatic urethra, potentially causing urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and difficulty emptying the bladder.

Sexual desire in postmenopausal women varies individually. While some experience decline due to hormonal changes, others maintain sexual desire through adrenal androgens and psychosocial factors. Disorders of the female reproductive system may also influence sexual function during this life stage.