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An ostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening, called a stoma, from the intestines to the body's exterior. This redirects bodily waste outside the body. Ostomies are performed when part of the colon must be removed or bypassed due to conditions like colorectal cancer, diverticulitis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis. They can be temporary or permanent depending on the medical condition.

There are three main types of ostomies. A colostomy brings part of the colon to the abdominal surface, typically on the left side. An ileostomy involves bringing out the terminal part of the small intestine, the ileum, through the abdominal wall. A urostomy diverts urine through an opening in the abdomen when the bladder is removed or bypassed. Each type serves different medical needs and requires similar care techniques.

Essential ostomy care supplies include a new ostomy pouch, skin barrier or wafer, scissors for resizing, a stoma measuring guide, clean washcloths or wipes, warm water, and a disposal bag for used materials. Some patients may use recommended soaps or creams. Having all supplies gathered before beginning the procedure ensures efficient, hygienic care and prevents interruptions during the stoma change process.

Clean the stoma and surrounding skin gently with warm water using a soft cloth or wipe, then pat dry thoroughly. Inspect the area for inflammation, necrosis, persistent bleeding, discharge, pus, or other abnormal changes. A healthy stoma appears pink or red, moist, and round. If any irregularities are observed, promptly consult a healthcare provider to prevent complications.

Use a stoma measuring guide to determine the correct size, then cut the skin barrier to fit snugly around the stoma without touching or applying pressure to it. Apply the barrier smoothly, ensuring it adheres without wrinkles or gaps. Proper sizing and application prevent leakage and skin irritation. The barrier creates a protective seal between the stoma and the pouch.

Begin with thorough handwashing to prevent infection. Wear disposable gloves when handling the stoma and supplies. After removing the old pouch, discard used gloves and don a fresh pair before cleaning and applying the new pouching system. After completing the procedure, remove gloves and wash hands thoroughly. These precautions protect both the patient and the healthcare provider from infection.

Record the procedure in the patient's medical record, noting the stoma and skin condition, including color, size, and any changes. Report any abnormalities such as changes in stoma appearance, unusual odors, or skin irritation to a healthcare professional immediately. Educating patients and caregivers about serum laboratory studies stool test breath test findings and signs of complications ensures early detection and appropriate intervention.