نظرية إريكسون حول التطور الاجتماعي والعاطفي خلال مرحلة الطفولة

Erik Erikson emphasized the role of social factors in personality development and introduced a concept called psychosocial development.

He proposed eight life stages, each representing a critical crisis. Successfully resolving each crisis builds competence, while failure leads to inadequacy.

In the first stage, trust vs. mistrust, from birth to age 1, responsive caregiving helps infants develop trust in their environment, while neglect may lead to fear and suspicion.

In the second stage, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, from ages 1 to 3, toddlers seek independence by making choices. Restricting autonomy fosters self-doubt and shame in toddlers.

In the third stage, initiative vs. guilt, from ages 3 to 6, children begin to engage in social interactions and assert control. If a child's initiative is encouraged, they develop confidence; however, excessive control may lead to guilt and hesitation.

In the fourth stage, industry vs. inferiority, from ages 7 to 11, children compare their skills to others. Success in school or social settings builds pride, while repeated failures can cause a sense of inferiority.