انحياز المراسلة

Correspondence bias, also called the fundamental attribution error, is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to their personality rather than situational factors. People focus more on a person's actions than surrounding context, leading to overemphasis on personality traits. This perceptual salience causes observers to overlook external circumstances influencing behavior, resulting in inaccurate judgments about others' intentions and dispositions.

Participants read essays supporting or opposing a stance and were told writers had been assigned their positions. Despite knowing writers had no choice, participants still inferred the writers genuinely held those views. This classic study shows a strong tendency to make dispositional attributions about others even when clear situational constraints explain the behavior.

Individuals attribute their own behaviors to external circumstances while judging others based on personality traits. This asymmetry in attribution reinforces correspondence bias. People recognize situational factors affecting their own choices but overlook these same factors when evaluating others, creating a self-other bias in social perception.

No. Fundamental attribution errors are more common in individualistic Western societies than in collectivist Asian cultures. Western participants show stronger dispositional attributions, while Asian participants emphasize contextual explanations for behavior. Religious beliefs also influence attribution patterns, with Protestants showing stronger internal attributions than Catholics.

Correction theory suggests individuals first make a quick, automatic internal attribution about others' actions, then attempt to adjust for external circumstances. However, these corrections often remain insufficient, reinforcing the original dispositional judgment. This two-stage process explains why people struggle to overcome correspondence bias despite having situational information available.

Correspondence bias is a key concept in understanding how people make attributions about behavior. The theory of attribution I correspondent inference theory explains how observers infer dispositions from actions, while broader attribution frameworks examine when people attribute behavior to internal versus external causes in social perception.

The perceptual salience hypothesis explains that observers naturally focus more on individuals' actions than surrounding context. A person's behavior is visually and cognitively prominent, while situational factors remain less noticeable. This attentional bias leads people to overweight personality explanations and underweight environmental influences when judging others' behavior.