Exon Intron Splicing
Exon Intron Splicing - Related Videos
01:32
RNA Splicing
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2019
Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
02:18
Alternative RNA Splicing
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2020
Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity. There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
07:02
Evaluation of Exon Inclusion Induced by Splice Switching Antisense Oligonucleotides in SMA Patient Fibroblasts
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Cited by 7 •
2018
Various antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) have been shown to induce exon inclusion (splice modulation) and rescue SMN expression for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Here, we describe a protocol for AON lipotransfection to induce exon inclusion in the SMN2 gene and the evaluation methods to determine the efficacy in SMA patient fibroblasts.
09:58
Using RNA-sequencing to Detect Novel Splice Variants Related to Drug Resistance in In Vitro Cancer Models
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Cited by 25 •
2016
Here we describe a protocol aimed at investigating the impact of aberrant splicing on drug resistance in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. To this goal, we analyzed the transcriptomic profiles of parental and resistant in vitro models through RNA-seq and established a qRT-PCR based method to validate candidate genes.
02:32
Exon Recombination
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2021
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
FAQs
Recognition of three conserved landmarks gives the spliceosome the positional information needed to remove an intron accurately. The 5′ splice site marks one boundary, the branch point identifies an internal position, and the 3′ splice site marks the other boundary. Their coordinated recognition helps distinguish intron sequence from neighboring exons, supporting precise exon joining in the resulting messenger RNA.
The excised intron does not leave as a simple linear fragment. It forms a looped lariat during processing, a structural outcome that identifies the intron as the sequence being removed while the adjacent exons are connected. This matters because accurate lariat formation and exon ligation preserve the intended arrangement of coding information in mature messenger RNA.
Alternative splicing changes which exon combinations are retained in a mature transcript. Consequently, a single gene can produce multiple messenger RNAs rather than only one fixed RNA sequence, and those RNAs can specify different proteins. This mechanism increases protein diversity without requiring a separate gene for every protein product, making splicing an important source of biological variation.
Splicing acts as a processing step between transcription and the messenger RNA used for gene expression. The newly transcribed pre-messenger RNA contains introns and exons, whereas the processed product has the exon arrangement needed for a mature transcript. In this way, splicing helps determine which RNA sequence proceeds as the messenger RNA available for producing protein.
Splicing defects can change the exon arrangement or disrupt production of a properly processed messenger RNA. Because mature messenger RNA provides the transcript used for protein production, such errors can alter cellular function. Studying these defects therefore links RNA processing with disease mechanisms and helps explain how changes in a basic gene-expression step can have broader biological consequences.
In eukaryotic cells, exon-intron splicing is a key layer of gene-expression control because the initial RNA transcript is not yet the final messenger RNA. Processing determines which exon sequence is assembled into the mature transcript, while alternative patterns expand the possible protein outputs. Thus, the process connects RNA maturation, coding information, and cellular function.