O Antigen Staining
O Antigen Staining - Related Videos
04:34
An Immunohistochemistry Staining for the Detection of Rabies Virus Antigens
0 Views •
2025
This video demonstrates immunohistochemistry staining for rabies virus antigen detection in infected mouse brain tissue. The process includes deparaffinization and alcohol treatment, followed by proteolytic treatment to enhance antigen accessibility. Immunohistochemistry staining reveals red precipitates, confirming the presence of rabies antigens in the tissue section.
04:29
Immunofluorescent Staining of Spheroids: A Technique to Analyze Spheroids for Expression of Intra- and Extracellular Antigen Expression
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2023
This video describes the technique of immunofluorescent staining of spheroids to understand the differentiation of the fibroblasts or CAFs. This protocol helps detect expression of intra- and extracellular antigens, including deposition of ECM proteins within the spheroids.
08:37
In Situ MHC-tetramer Staining and Quantitative Analysis to Determine the Location, Abundance, and Phenotype of Antigen-specific CD8 T Cells in Tissues
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Cited by 11 •
2017
Here, we describe a method that combines in situ MHC-tetramer staining with immunohistochemistry to determine localization, phenotype, and quantity of antigen-specific T cells in tissues. This protocol is used to determine the spatial and phenotypic characteristics of antigen-specific CD8 T cells relative to other cell type and structures in tissues.
06:57
Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells
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Cited by 9 •
2016
In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).
05:04
Viral Antigen Microarray Assay to Detect Antibody Isotypes in Serum Against Viral Antigen
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2025
In this video, we demonstrate the process for detecting antibody isotypes in multiple human serum samples using a microarray slide printed with antigenic subtypes of influenza virus strains.
FAQs
Reliability depends on whether the antibody recognizes the particular O-antigen structure present on the bacterial surface. When binding is specific, the resulting antigen-antibody complexes indicate that the corresponding surface antigen profile is present. This specificity allows the method to distinguish bacteria that may differ in their O-antigen structures, supporting more precise identification and serotyping.
The O-antigen polysaccharide is variable among Gram-negative bacteria, so different strains can display distinct surface antigen profiles. O antigen staining uses those differences as immunological markers rather than treating all bacteria as equivalent. Comparing staining patterns can therefore help distinguish strains and provide information relevant to bacterial classification, transmission studies, and outbreak investigation.
Visibility comes from attaching a detectable label to the staining system. Fluorescent labels produce a signal that can be observed through fluorescence-based analysis, whereas enzymatic labels generate a detectable reaction. Other label types may also be used. The shared principle is that antibody binding is converted into an observable signal indicating the presence of the recognized O-antigen structure.
Because the O antigen is associated with the bacterial surface, staining provides information about an exposed somatic antigen rather than an internal bacterial component. This surface-focused signal makes antigen profiles useful for comparing organisms through their external molecular features. In infection research, such comparisons can support interpretation of strain differences and surface variation.
The procedure centers on exposing the bacterial surface to antibodies directed against selected O-antigen structures, allowing specific antigen-antibody complexes to form, and then detecting those complexes with a fluorescent, enzymatic, or other label. The observed signal is interpreted in relation to the antibody specificity, producing a staining result that reflects the detected surface antigen profile.
A staining result can indicate whether a bacterium carries an O-antigen structure recognized by a particular antibody. Using these antigen-specific patterns, researchers can support bacterial identification and assign serological distinctions among strains. The approach is especially useful when organisms share broader characteristics but differ in their surface antigen profiles, which can provide finer comparative resolution.
Distinct O-antigen profiles provide markers for comparing bacterial strains across samples or cases. In transmission research, these comparisons can help examine relationships among isolates, while outbreak epidemiology can use differing or shared profiles to support investigation of strain distribution. The method also contributes to host-pathogen studies by focusing attention on a bacterial surface feature involved in immune recognition.