Division Rules

Division rules are the mathematical principles used to divide quantities accurately and interpret the relationship between a dividend, divisor, and quotient. Division can be understood as sharing a quantity into equal groups or finding how many times one number is contained in another; the result can be checked by multiplying the quotient by the divisor, while division by zero is undefined. Rules for signs determine that numbers with the same sign produce a positive quotient and numbers with different signs produce a negative quotient. These principles also guide the division of fractions, decimals, algebraic expressions, and measurements in problem solving and scientific calculations.

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JoVE Lab Manual - Biology

Cell Division - Student Protocol

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2019

Observing the Cell Cycle in a Root Tip ExpandHypotheses: The experimental hypothesis is that in root tips slices that have been treated with nocodazole, a chemical that interferes with microtubular polymerization, all of the cells will be arrested at the same stage of the cell cycle and that in untreated onion tip slices all of the different stages of the cell cycle will be visualized. The null hypothesis is that there will be no differences in mitosis between the two groups and that different...

Cell Division - Concepts

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2019

Cell division is fundamental to all living organisms and required for growth and development. As an essential means of reproduction for all living things, cell division allows organisms to transfer their genetic material to their offspring. For a unicellular organism, cellular division generates a completely new organism. For multicellular organisms, cellular division produces new cells for the general development of the organism, as well as produces healthy cells to replace damaged cells from...

An Introduction to Cell Division

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2023

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides and gives rise to two or more daughter cells. It is a means of reproduction for single-cell organisms. In multicellular organisms, cell division contributes to growth, development, repair, and the generation of reproductive cells (sperms and eggs). Cell division is a tightly regulated process, and aberrant cell division can cause diseases, notably cancer. JoVE's Introduction to Cell Division will cover a brief history of the landmark...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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2020

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories: Odd-electron molecules have an odd number of valence electrons and therefore have an unpaired electron. Electron-deficient molecules have a central atom with fewer electrons than needed for a noble gas configuration. Hypervalent molecules have a central atom that has more electrons than needed for a noble gas configuration. Odd-electron...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

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2020

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of...

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