Question 1

What are the main stages of a bioprocess?

Accepted Answer

A bioprocess consists of three main stages: organism selection and genetic modification to maximize product production, upstream processing where modified cells are grown at large scale in bioreactors, and downstream processing where the product is purified and concentrated using filtration and chromatography. The purified product is then lyophilized for storage stability.

Question 2

Why are mammalian cells preferred for producing therapeutic proteins?

Accepted Answer

Mammalian cells, particularly Chinese hamster ovary cells, perform complex post-translational modifications—structural and chemical changes made to proteins after translation. These modifications are essential for creating the complex protein structures required for therapeutic effectiveness. Unlike bacterial cells, mammalian cells can produce proteins with the necessary biological activity for drug applications.

Question 3

What challenges arise when scaling up bioprocesses from pilot to manufacturing scale?

Accepted Answer

Scaling up bioprocesses is complex because simply increasing volume proportionally doesn't work. Scaling factors account for mass and heat transfer limitations in larger tanks. For example, when volume scales by factor S, tank diameter scales by S to the 1/3 power. Additionally, mammalian cells require careful control of aeration, shear stress, pH, temperature, and toxic product removal to maintain viability and productivity.

Question 4

How does microbial contamination affect bioprocess manufacturing?

Accepted Answer

Microbial contamination from bacteria, fungi, or viruses introduces product variability and causes protein degradation. Contaminants can originate from personnel, materials, or equipment. Since drug manufacturing is heavily regulated, strict limitations are placed on permissible reagents, contaminants, and concentrations. Contamination control is critical for ensuring safe, effective final products that meet regulatory approval standards.

Question 5

What methods are used to harvest and purify product proteins in bioprocessing?

Accepted Answer

Product proteins are harvested through secretion, where cells release the protein, or lysis, where cells are broken to release it. Downstream purification uses multiple technologies in series: filtration removes cell debris and large particles, chromatography isolates and concentrates the protein of interest, and lyophilization freeze-dries the final product for storage and stability.

Question 6

What are the main applications of bioprocessing technology?

Accepted Answer

Bioprocessing produces recombinant protein therapeutics for complex diseases including AIDS, cancer, infectious diseases, wound healing, and stroke. Unlike small molecule drugs, many modern therapeutics are proteins made via bioprocessing. Additionally, bioprocessing manufactures biofuels like ethanol from cellulosic materials through enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with yeast at manufacturing scale.

Question 7

How does the bioprocess design process progress from laboratory to manufacturing?

Accepted Answer

Bioprocesses are first designed and tested at laboratory scale to establish feasibility and optimize conditions. The successful process is then scaled up to pilot scale for validation and refinement. Once pilot-scale performance meets requirements, the process undergoes further scaling for full manufacturing production, with each stage informing design parameters for the next level.

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