manufacturing-robust-natural-fiber-preforms-utilizing-bacterial

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

University of Vienna

University College London

&#x5728;&#x6B64;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x7EC6;&#x83CC;&#x7EA4;&#x7EF4;&#x7D20; &#xFF08;BC&#xFF09; &#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; glyoxalization &#x4EA4;&#x8054;&#x3002;&#x6837;&#x54C1;&#x65AD;&#x88C2;&#x9762;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x5E72;&#x71E5;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x53D1;&#x751F; glyoxalized BC &#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x76F8;&#x6BD4;&#x672A;&#x4FEE;&#x6539; BC &#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x8868;&#x660E; glyoxalization &#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4E2D;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x7684;&#x5171;&#x4EF7;&#x952E; BC &#x56FE;&#x5C42;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8026;&#x5408;&#x3002;&#x6768;&#x6C0F;&#x6A21;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x5E72;&#x672A;&#x4FEE;&#x6539; BC &#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x540E; glyoxalization &#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x3002;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x6545;&#x969C;&#x65F6;&#x7684;&#x5E94;&#x529B;&#x548C;&#x5E94;&#x53D8;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x800C;&#xFF0C;&#x51CF;&#x8F7B;&#x540E; glyoxalization&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x800C;&#xFF0C;BC &#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x7684;&#x6E7F;&#x529B;&#x5B66;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#x5F97;&#x5230;&#x6539;&#x8FDB;&#x7684; glyoxalization&#x3002;&#x62C9;&#x66FC;&#x5149;&#x8C31;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x6F14;&#x793A;&#x53D8;&#x5F62;&#x7684;&#x5E72;&#x3001; &#x6E7F; glyoxalized BC &#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x7684;&#x5E94;&#x529B;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#x6548;&#x7387;&#x5927;&#x5927;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x4E86;&#x76F8;&#x6BD4;&#x672A;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x7684;&#x6750;&#x6599;&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x589E;&#x5F3A;&#x7684;&#x5E94;&#x529B;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x5185;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x662F;&#x5728; glyoxalization &#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x5F15;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x5171;&#x4EF7;&#x952E;&#x8026;&#x5408;&#x7684;&#x540E;&#x679C;&#x548C;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x7B80;&#x6613;&#x7684;&#x9014;&#x5F84;&#xFF0C;&#x63D0;&#x9AD8;&#x529B;&#x5B66;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#x7684; BC &#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x7684;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x3002;

&#x4F7F;&#x7528; glyoxalization &#x7684;&#x4EA4;&#x8054;&#x7EC6;&#x83CC;&#x7EA4;&#x7EF4;&#x7D20;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x3002;

In this study, we demonstrate that bacterial cellulose (BC) networks can be cross-linked via glyoxalization. The fracture surfaces of samples show that, in the dry state, less delamination occurs for glyoxalized BC networks compared to unmodified BC networks, suggesting that covalent bond coupling between BC layers occurs during the glyoxalization process. Young's moduli of dry unmodified BC networks do not change significantly after glyoxalization. The stress and strain at failure are, however, reduced after glyoxalization. However, the wet mechanical properties of the BC networks are improved by glyoxalization. Raman spectroscopy is used to demonstrate that the stress-transfer efficiency of deformed dry and wet glyoxalized BC networks is significantly increased compared to unmodified material. This enhanced stress-transfer within the networks is shown to be a consequence of the covalent coupling induced during glyoxalization and offers a facile route for enhancing the mechanical properties of BC networks for a variety of applications.

Cross-linked bacterial cellulose networks using glyoxalization.

Dans cette &eacute;tude, nous d&eacute;montrons que les r&eacute;seaux de cellulose bact&eacute;rienne (BC) peuvent &ecirc;tre r&eacute;ticul&eacute;s par glyoxalization. Les surfaces de rupture des &eacute;chantillons montrent que, &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tat sec, moins d&eacute;collement se produit pour les r&eacute;seaux de glyoxalized BC par rapport aux r&eacute;seaux de BC non modifi&eacute;s, sugg&eacute;rant que couplage covalent bond entre couches BC se produit pendant le processus de glyoxalization. Modules de Young des r&eacute;seaux secs &agrave; BC non modifi&eacute;es ne changent pas significativement apr&egrave;s glyoxalization. La contrainte et la d&eacute;formation &agrave; la rupture sont, cependant, r&eacute;duite apr&egrave;s glyoxalization. Toutefois, les propri&eacute;t&eacute;s m&eacute;caniques humides des r&eacute;seaux BC sont am&eacute;lior&eacute;es par glyoxalization. La spectroscopie Raman sert &agrave; d&eacute;montrer que l&#39;efficacit&eacute; de la contrainte-transfert des r&eacute;seaux de glyoxalized secs et humides d&eacute;form&eacute;es BC est sensiblement augment&eacute;e par rapport au mat&eacute;riel non modifi&eacute;. Ce transfert de stress am&eacute;lior&eacute; au sein des r&eacute;seaux s&#39;av&egrave;re &ecirc;tre une cons&eacute;quence de la couplage covalent induite lors de glyoxalization et propose un itin&eacute;raire facile pour am&eacute;liorer les propri&eacute;t&eacute;s m&eacute;caniques des r&eacute;seaux BC pour une vari&eacute;t&eacute; d&#39;applications.

R&eacute;seaux r&eacute;ticul&eacute;s cellulose bact&eacute;rienne &agrave; l&#39;aide de glyoxalization.

In dieser Studie zeigen wir, dass bakterielle Zellulose (BC) Netzwerken vernetzt &uuml;ber Glyoxalization sein k&ouml;nnen. Die Bruchfl&auml;chen der Beispiele zeigen, dass in der Trockenmasse, weniger Entmischung f&uuml;r Glyoxalized BC-Netzwerke im Vergleich zu unver&auml;nderten BC-Netze auftritt, was darauf hindeutet, dass kovalente Bindung Kopplung zwischen BC Schichten w&auml;hrend Glyoxalization wird. Youngs Modulraum trocken unver&auml;nderten BC-Netzwerke nach Glyoxalization nicht signifikant. Die Belastungen beim Fehler sind, jedoch nach Glyoxalization reduziert. Jedoch sind die nassen mechanischen Eigenschaften der BC-Netze durch Glyoxalization verbessert. Raman-Spektroskopie wird verwendet, um nachzuweisen, dass die Spannung-Transfer-Effizienz deformierte trocken- und Glyoxalized BC-Netze deutlich im Vergleich zu unver&auml;nderten Material erh&ouml;ht wird. Dieser erweiterte Druck-Transfer innerhalb der Netze wird angezeigt, um die kovalente Bindung induziert w&auml;hrend Glyoxalization zur&uuml;ckzuf&uuml;hren und bietet eine einfache Route zur Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaftendes von BC-Netzwerke f&uuml;r eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen.

Vernetzte bakterieller Zellulose-Netzwerke mittels Glyoxalization.

In questo studio dimostriamo che reti di cellulosa batterica (BC) possono essere reticolati via glyoxalization. Le superfici di frattura dei campioni mostrano che, allo stato secco, meno delaminazione si verifica per le reti glyoxalized BC rispetto alle reti di BC non modificate, suggerendo che il legame covalente accoppiamento tra strati di BC si verifica durante il processo di glyoxalization. Moduli di Young di secchi reti BC non modificati non cambiano significativamente dopo glyoxalization. Stress e tensione al fallimento sono, tuttavia, ridotta dopo glyoxalization. Tuttavia, le propriet&agrave; meccaniche bagnate delle reti BC sono migliorate da glyoxalization. Spettroscopia Raman &egrave; utilizzata per dimostrare che l&#39;efficienza di stress-trasferimento delle reti glyoxalized secco e umido deforme BC &egrave; aumentato significativamente rispetto al materiale non modificato. Questo maggiore stress-trasferimento all&#39;interno delle reti &egrave; dimostrato di essere una conseguenza dell&#39;accoppiamento covalente indotta durante glyoxalization e offre un facile percorso per migliorare le propriet&agrave; meccaniche delle reti BC per una variet&agrave; di applicazioni.

Reticolato cellulosa batterica reti utilizzando glyoxalization.

&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3067;&#x306F;, &#x30D0;&#x30AF;&#x30C6;&#x30EA;&#x30A2; &#x30BB;&#x30EB;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30B9; (BC) &#x306E;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306F; glyoxalization &#x7D4C;&#x7531;&#x3067;&#x67B6;&#x6A4B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3059;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x3002;&#x8A66;&#x6599;&#x306E;&#x7834;&#x9762;&#x306F;&#x4E7E;&#x71E5;&#x72B6;&#x614B;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x5C11;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x306F;&#x304F;&#x96E2; BC &#x30EC;&#x30A4;&#x30E4;&#x30FC;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x5171;&#x6709;&#x7D50;&#x5408;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x5408;&#x3001;glyoxalization &#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30BB;&#x30B9;&#x4E2D;&#x306B;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x3001;&#x672A;&#x4FEE;&#x6B63;&#x306E; BC &#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x3068;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x3057;&#x3066; glyoxalized BC &#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x7528;&#x304C;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x4E7E;&#x71E5;&#x672A;&#x5909;&#x66F4; BC &#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306E;&#x30E4;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x4FC2;&#x6570; glyoxalization &#x5F8C;&#x5927;&#x5E45;&#x306B;&#x5909;&#x66F4;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x305B;&#x3093;&#x3002;&#x5FDC;&#x529B;&#x3068;&#x3072;&#x305A;&#x307F;&#x306E;&#x969C;&#x5BB3;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x305F;&#x3060;&#x3057;&#x3001;glyoxalization &#x5F8C;&#x6E1B;&#x984D;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3057;&#x304B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x7D00;&#x5143;&#x524D;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306E;&#x30A6;&#x30A7;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x6A5F;&#x68B0;&#x7684;&#x6027;&#x8CEA; glyoxalization &#x3067;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30E9;&#x30DE;&#x30F3;&#x5206;&#x5149;&#x6CD5;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x5909;&#x5F62;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x30C9;&#x30E9;&#x30A4; &#x30FB; &#x30A6;&#x30A7;&#x30C3;&#x30C8; glyoxalized BC &#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306E;&#x5FDC;&#x529B;&#x4F1D;&#x9054;&#x52B9;&#x7387;&#x304C;&#x5927;&#x5E45;&#x306B;&#x672A;&#x5909;&#x66F4;&#x306E;&#x6750;&#x6599;&#x306B;&#x6BD4;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x5897;&#x5927;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3059;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x5F37;&#x5316;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x5FDC;&#x529B;&#x4F1D;&#x9054;&#x306E;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x5185;&#x306E; glyoxalization &#x4E2D;&#x306B;&#x8A98;&#x8D77;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x5171;&#x6709;&#x7D50;&#x5408;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x5408;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x3092;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3059;&#x3057;&#x3001;BC &#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x3001;&#x3055;&#x307E;&#x3056;&#x307E;&#x306A;&#x30A2;&#x30D7;&#x30EA;&#x30B1;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x7528;&#x306E;&#x6A5F;&#x68B0;&#x7684;&#x6027;&#x8CEA;&#x3092;&#x5F37;&#x5316;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x3001;&#x5B89;&#x6613;&#x306A;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

Glyoxalization &#x3092;&#x7528;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x67B6;&#x6A4B;&#x30D0;&#x30AF;&#x30C6;&#x30EA;&#x30A2; &#x30BB;&#x30EB;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x3002;

&#xC774; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC138;&#xADE0;&#xC131; &#xC140; &#xB8F0; &#xB85C;&#xC2A4; (BC) &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C; glyoxalization &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xBCF5;&#xC0AC;&#xD574;&#xC62C; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC; &#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC0D8;&#xD50C;&#xC758; &#xACE8;&#xC808; &#xD45C;&#xBA74; &#xAC74;&#xC870; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; glyoxalized BC &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C; &#xAE30;&#xC6D0;&#xC804; &#xB808;&#xC774;&#xC5B4; &#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xACF5;&#xC720; &#xBCF8;&#xB4DC; &#xACB0;&#xD569; glyoxalization &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xC218;&#xC815; &#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC740; BC &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C;&#xC5D0; &#xBE44;&#xD574; &#xB35C; &#xBC15; &#xB9AC; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD;, &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;. &#xC601;&#xC758; &#xC751;&#xC6A9; &#xAC74;&#xC870; &#xC218;&#xC815; &#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC740; BC &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C; glyoxalization &#xD6C4; &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098; &#xC2E4;&#xD328;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB808;&#xC2A4;&#xC640; &#xAE34;&#xC7A5;&#xC740;,, glyoxalization &#xD6C4; &#xAC10;&#xC18C; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098; glyoxalization, &#xAE30;&#xC6D0;&#xC804; &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C;&#xC758; &#xC816;&#xC740; &#xAE30;&#xACC4;&#xC801; &#xC131;&#xC9C8;&#xC744; &#xAC1C;&#xC120; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB77C;&#xB9CC; &#xBD84;&#xAD11;&#xD559; &#xBCC0;&#xD615;&#xB41C; &#xC2B5;&#xC2DD; glyoxalized BC &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C;&#xC758; &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB808;&#xC2A4;-&#xC804;&#xC1A1; &#xD6A8;&#xC728;&#xC740; &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; &#xC218;&#xC815; &#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC740; &#xC7AC;&#xB8CC;&#xC5D0; &#xBE44;&#xD574; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xC785;&#xC99D; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB370; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C; &#xB0B4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xD5A5;&#xC0C1; &#xB41C; &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB808;&#xC2A4; &#xC804;&#xC1A1;&#xC774; glyoxalization &#xC911; &#xC720;&#xB3C4; &#xACF5;&#xC720; &#xACB0;&#xD569;&#xC758; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xD45C;&#xC2DC; &#xBC0F; &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xC751;&#xC6A9; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xADF8;&#xB7A8;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xAE30;&#xC6D0;&#xC804; &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C;&#xC758; &#xAE30;&#xACC4;&#xC801; &#xD2B9;&#xC131; &#xD5A5;&#xC0C1;&#xC744; &#xC704;&#xD55C; &#xC190;&#xC26C;&#xC6B4; &#xACBD;&#xB85C; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Glyoxalization&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC138;&#xADE0;&#xC131; &#xC140; &#xB8F0; &#xB85C;&#xC2A4; &#xB124;&#xD2B8;&#xC6CC;&#xD06C; &#xC2ED;&#xC790;&#xAC00;.

En este estudio, demostramos que redes de celulosa bacteriana (BC) pueden ser reticuladas v&iacute;a glyoxalization. La superficie de fractura de las muestras muestra que, en estado seco, menos delaminaci&oacute;n ocurre para redes glyoxalized BC en comparaci&oacute;n con las redes BC sin modificar, sugiriendo que el acoplamiento covalente entre capas de BC ocurre durante el proceso de glyoxalization. M&oacute;dulos de Young de seco sin modificar redes de BC no cambian significativamente despu&eacute;s de glyoxalization. La tensi&oacute;n y la tensi&oacute;n en el paro son, sin embargo, disminuy&oacute; despu&eacute;s de glyoxalization. Sin embargo, se mejoran las propiedades mec&aacute;nicas mojadas de las redes de BC por glyoxalization. Espectroscop&iacute;a Raman se utiliza para demostrar que la eficiencia de transferencia de fatiga de redes deformes glyoxalized seco y mojado BC es aument&oacute; significativamente en comparaci&oacute;n con material sin modificar. Esta transferencia de fatiga mejorada dentro de las redes se muestra como una consecuencia del acoplamiento covalente inducida durante glyoxalization y ofrece una ruta f&aacute;cil para mejorar las propiedades mec&aacute;nicas de las redes de la BC para una variedad de aplicaciones.

La celulosa bacteriana reticulado redes utilizando glyoxalization.

This work investigates the surface and bulk properties of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and bacterial cellulose (BC), as well as their reinforcing ability in polymer nanocomposites. BC possesses higher critical surface tension of 57 mN m(-1) compared to NFC (41 mN m(-1)). The thermal degradation temperature in both nitrogen and air atmosphere of BC was also found to be higher than that of NFC. These results are in good agreement with the higher crystallinity of BC as determined by XRD, measured to be 71% for BC as compared to NFC of 41%. Nanocellulose papers were prepared from BC and NFC. Both papers possessed similar tensile moduli and strengths of 12 GPa and 110 MPa, respectively. Nanocomposites were manufactured by impregnating the nanocellulose paper with an epoxy resin using vacuum assisted resin infusion. The cellulose reinforced epoxy nanocomposites had a stiffness and strength of approximately ∼8 GPa and ∼100 MPa at an equivalent fiber volume fraction of 60 vol.-%. In terms of the reinforcing ability of NFC and BC in a polymer matrix, no significant difference between NFC and BC was observed.

High performance cellulose nanocomposites: comparing the reinforcing ability of bacterial cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers are one of the stiffest organic materials produced by nature. It consists of pure cellulose without the impurities that are commonly found in plant-based cellulose. This review discusses the metabolic pathways of cellulose-producing bacteria and the genetic pathways of Acetobacter xylinum. The fermentative production of BC and the bioprocess parameters for the cultivation of bacteria are also discussed. The influence of the composition of the culture medium, pH, temperature, and oxygen content on the morphology and yield of BC are reviewed. In addition, the progress made to date on the genetic modification of bacteria to increase the yield of BC and the large-scale production of BC using various bioreactors, namely static and agitated cultures, stirred tank, airlift, aerosol, rotary, and membrane reactors, is reviewed. The challenges in commercial scale production of BC are thoroughly discussed and the efficiency of various bioreactors is compared. In terms of the application of BC, particular emphasis is placed on the utilization of BC in advanced fiber composites to manufacture the next generation truly green, sustainable and renewable hierarchical composites.

More than meets the eye in bacterial cellulose: biosynthesis, bioprocessing, and applications in advanced fiber composites.

Water-in-oil emulsions stabilized solely by bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNs), which were hydrophobized by esterification with organic acids of various chain lengths (acetic acid, C2-; hexanoic acid, C6-; dodecanoic acid, C12-), were produced and characterized. When using freeze-dried C6-BCN and C12-BCN, only a maximum water volume fraction (ϕw) of 60% could be stabilized, while no emulsion was obtained for C2-BCN. However, the maximum ϕw increased to 71%, 81%, and 77% for C2-BCN, C6-BCN, and C12-BCN, respectively, 150 h after the initial emulsification, thereby creating high internal phase water-in-toluene emulsions. The observed time-dependent behavior of these emulsions is consistent with the disentanglement and dispersion of freeze-dried modified BCN bundles into individual nanofibers with time. These emulsions exhibited catastrophic phase separation when ϕw was increased, as opposed to catastrophic phase inversion observed for other Pickering emulsions.

Article	Year
Cross-linked bacterial cellulose networks using glyoxalization. ACS applied materials & interfaces\| PubMed ID: 21186815	2011
High performance cellulose nanocomposites: comparing the reinforcing ability of bacterial cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose. ACS applied materials & interfaces\| PubMed ID: 22839594	2012
More than meets the eye in bacterial cellulose: biosynthesis, bioprocessing, and applications in advanced fiber composites. Macromolecular bioscience\| PubMed ID: 23897676	2014
Phase behavior of medium and high internal phase water-in-oil emulsions stabilized solely by hydrophobized bacterial cellulose nanofibrils. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 24400918	2014

Koon-Yang Lee

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