a-modified-vitro-invasion-assay-to-determine-potential-role-hormones

A Modified <em>In vitro</em> Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Roswell Park Cancer Institute

Selective induction of apoptosis in melanoma cells is optimal for therapeutic development. To achieve this goal, a non-thermal helium plasma torch was modified for use on cultured cells in a temperature-controlled environment. Melanoma cells were targeted with this torch (1) in parallel cultures with keratinocytes, (2) in co-culture with keratinocytes and (3) in a soft agar matrix. Melanoma cells displayed high sensitivity to reactive oxygen species generated by the torch and showed a 6-fold increase in cell death compared with keratinocytes. The extent of cell death was compared between melanoma cells and normal human keratinocytes in both short-term (5 min) co-culture experiments and longer assessments of apoptotic cell death (18-24 h). Following a 10 sec plasma exposure there was a 4.9-fold increase in the cell death of melanoma vs. keratinocytes as measured after 24 h at the target site of the plasma beam. When the treatment time was increased to 30 sec, a 98% cell death was reported for melanoma cells, which was 6-fold greater than the extent of cell death in keratinocytes. Our observations further indicate that this preferential cell death is largely due to apoptosis.. In addition, we report that this non-thermal plasma torch kills melanoma cells growing in soft agar, suggesting that the plasma torch is capable of inducing melanoma cell death in 3D settings. We demonstrate that the presence of gap junctions may increase the area of cell death, likely due to the "bystander effect" of passing apoptotic signals between cells. Our findings provide a basis for further development of this non-invasive plasma torch as a potential treatment for melanoma.

Preferential induction of apoptotic cell death in melanoma cells as compared with normal keratinocytes using a non-thermal plasma torch.

Previous reports have implicated connexin 43 (Cx43) as a tumor suppressor in early stages of tumorigenesis and in some cases as an enhancer of cell migration in later stages. To address the role of Cx43 in melanoma tumor progression, we utilized two melanoma cell lines derived from the same patient in pre-metastasis (WM793B) and following isolation from a lung metastasis in nude mice (1205Lu). Our results demonstrate a strikingly increased expression of Cx43 in both the pre-metastatic and metastatic melanoma cell lines that were actively migrating compared to non-migrating cells. To further investigate the role of Cx43 in these melanoma cells, we overexpressed wild type (wt) Cx43 as well as a mutant dominant negative Cx43 mutant that causes closed channels (T154A). The metastatic 1205Lu cells expressing Cx43-T154A showed a twofold decrease in colony formation on soft agar while the nonmetastatic WM793B cells showed no significant change. In invasion assays through a collagen matrix, the same Cx43-T154A 1205Lu cells demonstrated a three- to fourfold increase in the invasion index compared to either wt Cx43 or vector control cells. The increase in invasiveness was eliminated by migration towards media with charcoal-stripped serum, suggesting that migration may be directed towards a lipophilic compound(s). Our findings demonstrate that a dominant negative Cx43 mutant deficient in channel formation exhibits a dual pattern of regulation in metastatic melanoma cells with a decrease in anchorage-independent growth and an increase in invasive potential.

A dominant negative Cx43 mutant differentially affects tumorigenic and invasive properties in human metastatic melanoma cells.

Drosophila has enabled important breakthroughs in K(+) channel research, including identification and fi rst cloning of a voltage-activated K(+) channel, Shaker, a founding member of the K(V)1 family. Drosophila has also helped in discovering other K(+) channels, such as Shab, Shaw, Shal, Eag, Sei, Elk, and also Slo, a Ca(2+) - and voltage-dependent K(+) channel. These findings have contributed significantly to our understanding of ion channels and their role in physiology. Drosophila continues to play an important role in ion channel studies, benefiting from an unparalleled arsenal of genetic tools and availability of tens of thousands of genetically modified strains. These tools allow deletion, expression, or misexpression of almost any gene in question with temporal and spatial control. The combination of these tools and resources with the use of forward genetic approach in Drosophila further enhances its strength as a model system. There are many areas in which Drosophila can further help our understanding of ion channels and their function. These include signaling pathways involved in regulating and modulating ion channels, basic information on channels and currents where very little is currently known, and the role of ion channels in physiology and pathology.

Potassium channels in Drosophila: historical breakthroughs, significance, and perspectives.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of human cancers, and the mechanisms underlying melanoma invasive phenotype are not completely understood. Here, we report that expression of guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR), an enzyme involved in de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, was downregulated in the invasive stages of human melanoma. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments revealed that GMPR downregulates the amounts of several GTP-bound (active) Rho-GTPases and suppresses the ability of melanoma cells to form invadopodia, degrade extracellular matrix, invade in vitro, and grow as tumor xenografts in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that GMPR partially depletes intracellular GTP pools. Pharmacological inhibition of de novo GTP biosynthesis suppressed whereas addition of exogenous guanosine increased invasion of melanoma cells as well as cells from other cancer types. Our data identify GMPR as a melanoma invasion suppressor and establish a link between guanosine metabolism and Rho-GTPase-dependent melanoma cell invasion.

A purine nucleotide biosynthesis enzyme guanosine monophosphate reductase is a suppressor of melanoma invasion.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate NF-E2-related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2), a key transcriptional regulator driving antioxidant gene expression and protection from oxidant injury. Here, we report that in response to elevation of intracellular ROS above a critical threshold, Nrf2 stimulates expression of transcription Kruppel-like factor 9 (Klf9), resulting in further Klf9-dependent increases in ROS and subsequent cell death. We demonstrated that Klf9 independently causes increased ROS levels in various types of cultured cells and in mouse tissues and is required for pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Mechanistically, Klf9 binds to the promoters and alters the expression of several genes involved in the metabolism of ROS, including suppression of thioredoxin reductase 2, an enzyme participating in ROS clearance. Our data reveal an Nrf2-dependent feedforward regulation of ROS and identify Klf9 as a ubiquitous regulator of oxidative stress and lung injury.

Article	Year
Preferential induction of apoptotic cell death in melanoma cells as compared with normal keratinocytes using a non-thermal plasma torch. Cancer biology & therapy\| PubMed ID: 22895073	2012
A dominant negative Cx43 mutant differentially affects tumorigenic and invasive properties in human metastatic melanoma cells. Journal of cellular physiology\| PubMed ID: 23042412	2013
Potassium channels in Drosophila: historical breakthroughs, significance, and perspectives. Journal of neurogenetics\| PubMed ID: 23181728	2012
A purine nucleotide biosynthesis enzyme guanosine monophosphate reductase is a suppressor of melanoma invasion. Cell reports\| PubMed ID: 24139804	2013
Nrf2 amplifies oxidative stress via induction of Klf9. Molecular cell\| PubMed ID: 24613345	2014

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