the-bovine-lung-biomedical-research-visually-guided-bronchoscopy

The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and <em>In Vivo</em> Sampling Techniques

There is an ongoing search for alternative animal models in research of respiratory medicine. Depending on the goal of the research, large animals as ...

Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut

This study aimed to establish and evaluate a bovine respiratory model of experimentally induced acute C. psittaci infection. Calves are natural hosts and pathogenesis may resemble the situation in humans. Intrabronchial inoculation of C. psittaci strain DC15 was performed in calves aged 2-3 months via bronchoscope at four different challenge doses from 10(6) to 10(9) inclusion-forming units (ifu) per animal. Control groups received either UV-inactivated C. psittaci or cell culture medium. While 10(6) ifu/calf resulted in a mild respiratory infection only, the doses of 10(7) and 10(8) induced fever, tachypnea, dry cough, and tachycardia that became apparent 2-3 days post inoculation (dpi) and lasted for about one week. In calves exposed to 10(9) ifu C. psittaci, the respiratory disease was accompanied by severe systemic illness (apathy, tremor, markedly reduced appetite). At the time point of most pronounced clinical signs (3 dpi) the extent of lung lesions was below 10% of pulmonary tissue in calves inoculated with 10(6) and 10(7) ifu, about 15% in calves inoculated with 10(8) and more than 30% in calves inoculated with 10(9) ifu C. psittaci. Beside clinical signs and pathologic lesions, the bacterial load of lung tissue and markers of pulmonary inflammation (i.e., cell counts, concentration of proteins and eicosanoids in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid) were positively associated with ifu of viable C. psittaci. While any effect of endotoxin has been ruled out, all effects could be attributed to infection by the replicating bacteria. In conclusion, the calf represents a suitable model of respiratory chlamydial infection. Dose titration revealed that both clinically latent and clinically manifest infection can be reproduced experimentally by either 10(6) or 10(8) ifu/calf of C. psittaci DC15 while doses above 10(8) ifu C. psittaci cannot be recommended for further studies for ethical reasons. This defined model of different clinical expressions of chlamydial infection allows studying host-pathogen interactions.

A bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection: challenge dose titration.

The respiratory pathogen Chlamydia psittaci naturally occurs in bovine herds and was recently shown to impair calf health in a dose-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to determine whether the functional consequences and immunological reactions of infection were dose related by quantifying the consequences of acute respiratory chlamydial infection on respiratory signs, disturbances of pulmonary gas exchange, response of the innate immune system, and acute-phase reaction. Fourteen calves were challenged intrabronchially with different C. psittaci doses (from 10(6) to 10(9)inclusion-forming units (ifu) per animal). Ten controls received either UV-inactivated chlamydiae or cell culture medium. Compared to the controls, all animals challenged with live C. psittaci developed hypoxaemia linked to reduced haemoglobin oxygen saturation, increased alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (A-aO2) and pulmonary shunt, with symptoms following a dose-dependent pattern. Increases in lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and leukocytes were also dose-dependent and accompanied by a regenerative left shift in neutrophil granulocytes. With the exception of LBP, which reflected the load of chlamydial cell components in the host, pathophysiological reactions were only detected in calves challenged with viable chlamydiae. These results indicate that the pathophysiological consequences of respiratory C. psittaci infections are strongly dependent on the challenge dose of chlamydiae. For further studies, challenge doses between 10(6) and 10(8)ifu/calf are recommended.

Dose-dependent effects of Chlamydia psittaci infection on pulmonary gas exchange, innate immunity and acute-phase reaction in a bovine respiratory model.

Chlamydia (C.) psittaci is the causative agent of psittacosis, a zoonotic disease in birds and man. In addition, C. psittaci has been repeatedly found in domestic animals and is, at least in calves, also able to induce respiratory disease. Knowledge about transmission routes in cattle herds is still deficient, and nothing is known about differences in host response after either experimental or natural exposure to C. psittaci. Therefore, our recently developed respiratory infection model was exploited to evaluate (i) the presence of the pathogen in blood, excretions and air, (ii) the possibility of transmission and (iii) clinical symptoms, acute phase and immune response until 5 weeks after exposure. In this prospective study, intrabronchial inoculation of 10(8) inclusion-forming units of C. psittaci (n = 21 calves) led to reproducible acute respiratory illness (of approximately one week), accompanied by a systemic inflammatory reaction with an innate immune response dominated by neutrophils. Excretion and/or exhalation of the pathogen was sufficient to transmit the infection to naïve sentinel calves (n = 3) co-housed with the infected animals. Sentinel calves developed mild to subclinical infections only. Notably, excretion of the pathogen, predominantly via feces, occurred more frequently in animals naturally exposed to C. psittaci (i.e. sentinels) as compared to experimentally-inoculated calves. The humoral immune response was generally weak, and did not emerge regularly following experimental infection; however, it was largely absent after naturally acquired infection.

Infection, disease, and transmission dynamics in calves after experimental and natural challenge with a Bovine Chlamydia psittaci isolate.

Backround Chlamydia psittaci (Cp) is a respiratory pathogen capable of inducing acute pulmonary zoonotic disease (psittacosis) or persistent infection. To elucidate the pathogenesis of this infection, a translational large animal model was recently introduced by our group. This study aimed at quantifying and differentiating pulmonary dysfunction and acid base imbalances induced by Cp.

Article	Year
A bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection: challenge dose titration. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 22299031	2012
Dose-dependent effects of Chlamydia psittaci infection on pulmonary gas exchange, innate immunity and acute-phase reaction in a bovine respiratory model. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)\| PubMed ID: 23265868	2013
Infection, disease, and transmission dynamics in calves after experimental and natural challenge with a Bovine Chlamydia psittaci isolate. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 23691148	2013
Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunctions and acid base imbalances induced by Chlamydia psittaci in a bovine model of respiratory infection. Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine\| PubMed ID: 24517577	2014

Carola Ostermann

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