using-microwave-macroscopic-samples-dielectric-solids-to-study

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). ...

San Francisco State University

Recent simulations indicate that ellipsoids can pack randomly more densely than spheres and, remarkably, for axes ratios near 1.25:1:0.8 can approach the densest crystal packing (fcc) of spheres, with a packing fraction of 74%. We demonstrate that such dense packings are realizable. We introduce a novel way of determining packing density for a finite sample that minimizes surface effects. We have fabricated ellipsoids and show that, in a sphere, the radial packing fraction phi(r) can be obtained from V(h), the volume of added fluid to fill the sphere to height h. We also obtain phi(r) from a magnetic resonance imaging scan. The measurements of the overall density phi(avr), phi(r) and the core density phi(0) = 0.74 +/- 0.005 agree with simulations.

Experiments on random packings of ellipsoids.

Quasicrystalline structures may have optical bandgap properties-frequency ranges in which the propagation of light is forbidden-that make them well-suited to the scientific and technological applications for which photonic crystals are normally considered. Such quasicrystals can be constructed from two or more types of dielectric material arranged in a quasiperiodic pattern whose rotational symmetry is forbidden for periodic crystals (such as five-fold symmetry in the plane and icosahedral symmetry in three dimensions). Because quasicrystals have higher point group symmetry than ordinary crystals, their gap centre frequencies are closer and the gaps widths are more uniform-optimal conditions for forming a complete bandgap that is more closely spherically symmetric. Although previous studies have focused on one-dimensional and two-dimensional quasicrystals, where exact (one-dimensional) or approximate (two-dimensional) band structures can be calculated numerically, analogous calculations for the three-dimensional case are computationally challenging and have not yet been performed. Here we circumvent the computational problem by doing an experiment. Using stereolithography, we construct a photonic quasicrystal with centimetre-scale cells and perform microwave transmission measurements. We show that three-dimensional icosahedral quasicrystals exhibit sizeable stop gaps and, despite their quasiperiodicity, yield uncomplicated spectra that allow us to experimentally determine the faces of their effective Brillouin zones. Our studies confirm that they are excellent candidates for photonic bandgap materials.

Experimental measurement of the photonic properties of icosahedral quasicrystals.

The process of drying colloidal dispersions generally produces particulate solids under stress as a result of capillary or interparticle forces. The derivation of a constitutive relation on the basis of Hertzian contact mechanics between spheres provides a model for quantitatively predicting the conditions under which close-packed colloidal layers form continuous void-free films or homogeneous porous films or crack under tensile stresses.

Generalized Hertzian model for the deformation and cracking of colloidal packings saturated with liquid.

Useful films can be formed by drying colloidal dispersions, but the negative capillary pressure generated often promotes cracks. Complex lateral flows during drying compromised previous measurements of the pressure required for cracking. Here we report data for the onset of cracking, and the additional cracks that appear at higher pressures, from high-pressure ultrafiltration experiments on homogeneously compressed films. A comparison of the data with expectations from theory confirms that cracking is controlled by elastic recovery, though an energy criterion only provides a lower bound. Our experiments also identify the role of flaws as nucleation sites that initiate cracks.

Direct measurements of critical stresses and cracking in thin films of colloid dispersions.

Recently, disordered photonic media and random textured surfaces have attracted increasing attention as strong light diffusers with broadband and wide-angle properties. We report the experimental realization of an isotropic complete photonic band gap (PBG) in a 2D disordered dielectric structure. This structure is designed by a constrained optimization method, which combines advantages of both isotropy due to disorder and controlled scattering properties due to low-density fluctuations (hyperuniformity) and uniform local topology. Our experiments use a modular design composed of Al2O3 walls and cylinders arranged in a hyperuniform disordered network. We observe a complete PBG in the microwave region, in good agreement with theoretical simulations, and show that the intrinsic isotropy of this unique class of PBG materials enables remarkable design freedom, including the realization of waveguides with arbitrary bending angles impossible in photonic crystals. This experimental verification of a complete PBG and realization of functional defects in this unique class of materials demonstrate their potential as building blocks for precise manipulation of photons in planar optical microcircuits and has implications for disordered acoustic and electronic band gap materials.

Isotropic band gaps and freeform waveguides observed in hyperuniform disordered photonic solids.

We demonstrate optical interactions between stable self-trapped optical beams in soft-matter systems with pre-engineered saturable self-focusing optical nonlinearities. Our experiments, carried out in dilute suspensions of particles with negative polarizabilities, show that optical beam interactions can vary from attractive to repulsive, or can display an energy exchange depending on the initial relative phases. The corresponding observations are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Interactions between self-channeled optical beams in soft-matter systems with artificial nonlinearities.

We report the first experimental demonstration of a TE-polarization photonic band gap (PBG) in a 2D isotropic hyperuniform disordered solid (HUDS) made of dielectric media with a dielectric index contrast of 1.6:1, very low for PBG formation. The solid is composed of a connected network of dielectric walls enclosing air-filled cells. Direct comparison with photonic crystals and quasicrystals permitted us to investigate band-gap properties as a function of increasing rotational isotropy. We present results from numerical simulations proving that the PBG observed experimentally for HUDS at low index contrast has zero density of states. The PBG is associated with the energy difference between complementary resonant modes above and below the gap, with the field predominantly concentrated in the air or in the dielectric. The intrinsic isotropy of HUDS may offer unprecedented flexibilities and freedom in applications (i. e. defect architecture design) not limited by crystalline symmetries.

Photonic band gap in isotropic hyperuniform disordered solids with low dielectric contrast.

We demonstrate a new class of synthetic colloidal suspensions capable of exhibiting negative polarizabilities, and observe for the first time robust propagation and enhanced transmission of self-trapped light over long distances that would have been otherwise impossible in conventional suspensions with positive polarizabilities. Such light penetration through the strong scattering environment is attributed to the interplay between optical forces and self-activated transparency effects while no thermal effect is involved. By judiciously mixing colloidal particles of both negative and positive polarizabilities, we show that the resulting nonlinear response of these systems can be fine-tuned. Our experimental observations are in agreement with theoretical analysis based on a thermodynamic model that takes into account particle-particle interactions. These results may open up new opportunities in developing soft-matter systems with engineered optical nonlinearities.

Article	Year
Experiments on random packings of ellipsoids. Physical review letters\| PubMed ID: 16090214	2005
Experimental measurement of the photonic properties of icosahedral quasicrystals. Nature\| PubMed ID: 16107842	2005
Generalized Hertzian model for the deformation and cracking of colloidal packings saturated with liquid. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 18197713	2008
Direct measurements of critical stresses and cracking in thin films of colloid dispersions. Physical review letters\| PubMed ID: 18518494	2008
Isotropic band gaps and freeform waveguides observed in hyperuniform disordered photonic solids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 24043795	2013
Interactions between self-channeled optical beams in soft-matter systems with artificial nonlinearities. Optics letters\| PubMed ID: 24104820	2013
Photonic band gap in isotropic hyperuniform disordered solids with low dielectric contrast. Optics express\| PubMed ID: 24105543	2013
Optical nonlinearities and enhanced light transmission in soft-matter systems with tunable polarizabilities. Physical review letters\| PubMed ID: 24313533	2013

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