fmri-validation-of-fnirs-measurements-during-a-naturalistic-task

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

Yale School of Medicine

Breathing frequency increases at the onset of movement in a wide rage of mammals including adult humans. Moreover, the magnitude of increase in the rate of breathing appears related to the rate of the rhythmic movement. We determined whether human infants show the same type of response when supported to step on a treadmill. Twenty infants (ages 9.7 +/- 1.2 mo) participated in trials consisting of sitting, stepping on the treadmill, followed by sitting again. Breathing frequency was recorded with a thermocouple, positioned under one naris and taped to a soother that the infant held in his/her mouth. A video camera, electrogoniometers, and force platforms under the treadmill belts recorded stepping movements. We found that the rate of breathing changed at the beginning of stepping. Most surprisingly, we found that when infants stepped at a frequency slower than their breathing frequency in sitting, the breathing frequency decreased. Average breathing frequency during stepping was positively correlated with stepping frequency. There was no evidence of entrainment between stepping and breathing. In conclusion, the rapid change in breathing frequency at the beginning of movement is functional in infants. The direction and magnitude of change in breathing is associated with the leg movements.

Breathing frequency changes at the onset of stepping in human infants.

Quadrupeds &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xD3EC;&#xC720;&#xB958; &#xC6B4;&#xB3D9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xC774;&#xD574;&#xC758; &#xB300;&#xBD80;&#xBD84;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC778;&#xAC04;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; 4 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xB2E4;&#xB9AC;&#xC640; quadrupeds &#xAC04; &#xC870;&#xC815;&#xC758; &#xC9C1;&#xC811;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xBE44;&#xAD50; &#xC788;&#xB3C4;&#xB85D; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xC778;&#xAC04;, &#xC815;&#xC0C1;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC778;&#xAC04; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C;&#xC758; &#xC77C;&#xBD80;&#xC778; &#xB3D9;&#xC791;&#xC5D0;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xD06C;&#xB864; &#xB9C1; &#xACF5;&#xBD80; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xAE30;&#xACC4;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xB354; &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; &#xB124; &#xBC1C; &#xC6B4;&#xB3D9; &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4;&#xB294; &#xBCF4; &#xD589; &#xAC77;&#xAE30;. &#xC190;&#xC744; &#xBB34;&#xB98E; &#xD06C;&#xB864; &#xB9C1; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; interlimb &#xC870;&#xC815; &#xC778;&#xAC04;&#xACFC; quadrupeds &#xBC0F; &#xC778;&#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xC720;&#xC544;&#xC640; &#xC5B4;&#xB978; &#xBE44;&#xAD50; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xAE30;&#xACC4;&#xC801; &#xC694;&#xC778; &#xC774;&#xD574; &#xC5ED;&#xD559; &#xBC0F; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4;&#xC758; &#xC0C1;&#xB300;&#xC801; &#xAE30;&#xC5EC;&#xB97C; &#xD06C;&#xB864; &#xB9C1; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC870;&#xC791; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. 20-6 &#xC720;&#xC544;&#xC640; 7 &#xC131;&#xC778; &#xACF5;&#xBD80; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xBE44;&#xB514;&#xC624;, &#xD3EC;&#xC2A4; &#xD50C;&#xB808;&#xC774;&#xD2B8;, &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; electrogoniometer &#xB370;&#xC774;&#xD130; &#xC218;&#xC9D1; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB514;&#xB51C; &#xBC29; &#xC544;&#xC758; &#xBCA8;&#xD2B8; &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;, &#xC790;&#xB8CC;, &#xBC0F; &#xB2E4;&#xB9AC; &#xAE38;&#xC774; &#xD3ED; &#xC131;&#xC778;&#xC5D0; &#xC870;&#xC791; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. Unweighting&#xC640; &#xB2E4;&#xB9AC; &#xAE38;&#xC774;&#xC758; &#xC601;&#xD5A5; &#xC720;&#xC544;&#xC5D0; &#xD0D0;&#xD5D8; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC720;&#xC544; &#xB300;&#xAC01;&#xC120; &#xC0AC;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xACBD;&#xD5A5;&#xC774; (&#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xD2B8; &#xAC19;&#xC740;). &#xC131;&#xC778; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xB3D9;&#xCE21; &#xC0AC;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; (&#xC18D;&#xB3C4; &#xD615;). &#xB0AE;&#xC740; &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; 4 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xD314; &#xB2E4;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xC6C0;&#xC9C1;&#xC784; &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xC0AC;&#xC9C0;&#xC758; &#xBA85;&#xD655;&#xD55C; &#xD398;&#xC5B4;&#xB9C1; &#xC5C6;&#xC774; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xC2DC;&#xAC04;&#xC5D0; &#xB354; &#xB3D9;&#xB4F1; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xBC30;&#xCE58; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBE60;&#xB978; &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; &#xC2E4;&#xD589; &#xB300;&#xCE6D; gaits &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xC801; &#xD55C; &#xC131;&#xC778; galloped &#xBC0F; &#xBB38;&#xC758; &#xB0A0;&#xCE74;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC788;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC;. &#xBC18;&#xBA74; &#xB4B7; &#xB2E4;&#xB9AC; &#xD314; &#xB2E4;&#xB9AC; &#xAE38;&#xC5B4; &#xD398;&#xC774;&#xC2A4; &#xAC19;&#xC740; &#xAC78;&#xC74C; &#xAC78;&#xC774; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC131;&#xC778; &#xC785;&#xC7A5; &#xAE08;&#xC9C0; &#xD655;&#xB300; &#xD2B8;&#xB85C;&#xD2B8; &#xAC19;&#xC740; &#xAC78;&#xC74C; &#xAC78;&#xC774; &#xB9C9;&#xC744; &#xC218; &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; (&#xC190; &#xBC1C; &#xD06C;&#xB864; &#xB9C1;). &#xB2E4;&#xB9AC; &#xAE38;&#xC774; unweighting &#xC720;&#xC544;&#xC5D0; &#xC870;&#xC815;&#xC5D0; &#xC601;&#xD5A5;&#xC744; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xC778;&#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xD06C;&#xB864; &#xB9C1; &#xACF5;&#xC720; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC601;&#xC7A5;&#xB958;&#xC640; nonprimate quadrupeds, &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; &#xAE30;&#xBCF8; &#xBA54;&#xCEE4;&#xB2C8;&#xC998;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xACB0;&#xB860;. &#xC720;&#xC544;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC870;&#xC815; &#xD328;&#xD134;&#xC5D0; &#xD070; &#xC81C;&#xD55C; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xC2E0; &#xACBD;&#xACC4;&#xB294; &#xC720;&#xC5F0;&#xC131;&#xC774; &#xB098;&#xC654;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC778;&#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xD06C;&#xB864; &#xB9C1;&#xC5D0; interlimb &#xC870;&#xC815; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C;&#xACFC; quadrupeds &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC720;&#xC0AC;&#xC131;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC900;&#xB2E4;.

&#x56DB;&#x8DB3;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x5927;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x7684;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5BF9;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x3002;&#x82E5;&#x8981;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x5728;&#x4EBA;&#x4F53;&#x56DB;&#x80A2;&#x4E0E;&#x56DB;&#x8DB3;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x66F4;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E86;&#x722C;&#x5728;&#x4EBA;&#x529B;&#x3001; &#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x662F;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x548C;&#x673A;&#x68B0;&#x66F4;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E8E;&#x6BD4;&#x811A;&#x5370;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x662F;&#x53CC;&#x8DB3;&#x884C;&#x8D70;&#x3002;Interlimb &#x5728;&#x624B;&#x548C;&#x819D;&#x76D6;&#x722C;&#x7F51;&#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x4E0E;&#x56DB;&#x8DB3;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x548C;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x7684;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x548C;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x3002;&#x673A;&#x68B0;&#x56E0;&#x7D20;&#x88AB;&#x64CD;&#x7EB5;&#x5728;&#x722C;&#x7F51;&#xFF0C;&#x4E86;&#x89E3;&#x529B;&#x5B66;&#x4E0E;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x8D21;&#x732E;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x3002;&#x4E8C;&#x5341;&#x516D;&#x4E2A;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x548C;&#x4E03;&#x4E2A;&#x6210;&#x5E74;&#x4EBA;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4E86;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3002;&#x6536;&#x96C6;&#x4E86;&#x89C6;&#x9891;&#x3001; &#x529B;&#x677F;&#x548C; electrogoniometer &#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8DD1;&#x6B65;&#x673A;&#x7684;&#x76AE;&#x5E26;&#x901F;&#x5EA6;&#x3001; &#x5BBD;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x5730;&#x548C;&#x80A2;&#x4F53;&#x957F;&#x5EA6;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x88AB;&#x64CD;&#x7EB5;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x4E2D;&#x63A2;&#x8BA8;&#x4E86;&#x5931;&#x91CD;&#x548C;&#x80A2;&#x4F53;&#x957F;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x3002;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x5F80;&#x5F80;&#x4F1A;&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x5BF9;&#x89D2;&#x7EBF;&#x56DB;&#x80A2; &#xFF08;&#x5C0F;&#x8DD1;&#x50CF;&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x6210;&#x5E74;&#x4EBA;&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x4FA7;&#x80A2;&#x4F53; &#xFF08;&#x901F;&#x5EA6;&#x50CF;&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8F83;&#x4F4E;&#x7684;&#x901F;&#x5EA6;&#xFF0C;&#x56DB;&#x80A2;&#x7684;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x90FD;&#x66F4;&#x5E73;&#x7B49;&#x5730;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5747;&#x5300;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0E;&#x56DB;&#x80A2;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x914D;&#x5BF9;&#x3002;&#x66F4;&#x9AD8;&#x7684;&#x901F;&#x5EA6;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x5BF9;&#x79F0;&#x6B65;&#x6001;&#x4ECE;&#x6765;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#xFF0C;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x75BE;&#x9A70;&#x3002;&#x7ACB;&#x573A;&#x963B;&#x6B62;&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6B65;&#x4F10;&#x7684;&#x6B65;&#x6001;&#x884C;&#x8D70;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x6269;&#x9614;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x5EF6;&#x957F;&#x80A2;&#x4F53; &#xFF08;&#x624B;&#x548C;&#x811A;&#x722C;&#x884C;) &#x5F88;&#x5927;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x4E0A;&#x963B;&#x6B62;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x5C0F;&#x8DD1;&#x7684;&#x6B65;&#x6001;&#x3002;&#x80A2;&#x4F53;&#x957F;&#x5EA6;&#x548C;&#x5931;&#x91CD;&#x5BF9;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x4E86;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7ED3;&#x675F;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x722C;&#x7F51;&#x5171;&#x4EAB;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7075;&#x957F;&#x7C7B;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x548C; nonprimate &#x56DB;&#x8DB3;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#xFF0C;&#x5EFA;&#x8BAE;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x7840;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x3002;&#x66F4;&#x4E25;&#x683C;&#x7684;&#x9650;&#x5236;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x5A74;&#x513F;&#x7684;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x67A2;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x8F83;&#x5C11;&#x7684;&#x7075;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x3002;

Interlimb &#x5728;&#x4EBA;&#x7C7B;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x722C;&#x7F51;&#x7684;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x63ED;&#x793A;&#x4E86;&#x5728;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x548C;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x4E0E;&#x56DB;&#x8DB3;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4B;&#x5904;&#x3002;

The study of quadrupeds has furnished most of our understanding of mammalian locomotion. To allow a more direct comparison of coordination between the four limbs in humans and quadrupeds, we studied crawling in the human, a behavior that is part of normal human development and mechanically more similar to quadrupedal locomotion than is bipedal walking. Interlimb coordination during hands-and-knees crawling is compared between humans and quadrupeds and between human infants and adults. Mechanical factors were manipulated during crawling to understand the relative contributions of mechanics and neural control. Twenty-six infants and seven adults were studied. Video, force plate, and electrogoniometer data were collected. Belt speed of the treadmill, width of base, and limb length were manipulated in adults. Influences of unweighting and limb length were explored in infants. Infants tended to move diagonal limbs together (trot-like). Adults additionally moved ipsilateral limbs together (pace-like). At lower speeds, movements of the four limbs were more equally spaced in time, with no clear pairing of limbs. At higher speeds, running symmetrical gaits were never observed, although one adult galloped. Widening stance prevented adults from using the pace-like gait, whereas lengthening the hind limbs (hands-and-feet crawling) largely prevented the trot-like gait. Limb length and unweighting had no effect on coordination in infants. We conclude that human crawling shares features both with other primates and with nonprimate quadrupeds, suggesting similar underlying mechanisms. The greater restriction in coordination patterns used by infants suggests their nervous system has less flexibility.

Interlimb coordination in human crawling reveals similarities in development and neural control with quadrupeds.

L&#39;&eacute;tude des quadrup&egrave;des a fourni la plupart de nos connaissances de la locomotion chez les mammif&egrave;res. Pour permettre une comparaison plus directe de coordination entre les quatre branches chez les humains et les quadrup&egrave;des, nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; ramper chez l&#39;humain, un comportement qui fait partie du d&eacute;veloppement humain normal et est m&eacute;caniquement plus semblable &agrave; la locomotion quadrup&egrave;de &agrave; bip&egrave;de &agrave; pied. Interlimb coordination pendant l&#39;analyse des mains et genoux est compar&eacute;e entre les humains et les quadrup&egrave;des et entre les adultes et les b&eacute;b&eacute;s humains. Les facteurs m&eacute;caniques ont &eacute;t&eacute; manipul&eacute;s pendant l&#39;analyse pour comprendre la contribution relative de la m&eacute;canique et de contr&ocirc;le neuronal. Vingt-six enfants et sept adultes ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tudi&eacute;s. Vid&eacute;o, plaque et electrogoniometer des donn&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; recueillies. Vitesse de la bande du tapis roulant, la largeur de base et la longueur de la branche ont &eacute;t&eacute; manipul&eacute;es en adultes. Influences de longueur maximum et l&#39;int&eacute;grit&eacute; physique ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tudi&eacute;s chez le nourrisson. Les b&eacute;b&eacute;s ont tendance &agrave; bouger les membres diagonales ensemble (comme un trot). Adultes sont en outre membres ipsilat&eacute;raux de l&#39;autre (comme un rythme). &Agrave; basse vitesse, mouvements des quatre membres &eacute;taient plus espac&eacute;s dans le temps, avec aucun appariement claire des membres. &Agrave; des vitesses sup&eacute;rieures, allures sym&eacute;triques en cours d&#39;ex&eacute;cution n&#39;ont &eacute;t&eacute; jamais observ&eacute;es, bien qu&#39;un adulte au galop. &Eacute;largissement des adultes stance a emp&ecirc;ch&eacute; d&#39;utiliser la d&eacute;marche comme rythme, alors que l&#39;allongement des membres post&eacute;rieurs (pieds et mains rampant) largement emp&ecirc;ch&eacute; l&#39;allure du trot-like. Longueur de la branche et maximum a eu aucun effet sur la coordination chez les nourrissons. Nous concluons que ramper humain partage des caract&eacute;ristiques avec les autres primates et quadrup&egrave;des nonprimate, sugg&eacute;rant des m&eacute;canismes sous-jacents similaires. Le plus grande restriction dans les modes de coordination utilis&eacute;s par les enfants indiquent que leur syst&egrave;me nerveux a moins de flexibilit&eacute;.

Interlimb coordination dans l&#39;exploration humaine r&eacute;v&egrave;le des similitudes de d&eacute;veloppement et de contr&ocirc;le neural avec quadrup&egrave;des.

Das Studium der Vierbeiner hat die meisten unseres Verst&auml;ndnisses von S&auml;ugetier-Fortbewegung eingerichtet. Um einen direkteren Vergleich der Koordinierung zwischen den vier Gliedma&szlig;en beim Menschen und Vierbeiner erm&ouml;glichen, studierten wir kriechen im Menschen, ein Verhalten, das ist Teil der normalen menschlichen Entwicklung und mechanisch mehr &auml;hnlich vierbeinigen Fortbewegung als zweibeinige Wandern. Interlimb Koordinierung w&auml;hrend H&auml;nden und Knien kriechen wird zwischen Mensch und Vierbeiner und menschliche S&auml;uglinge und Erwachsene verglichen. Mechanische Faktoren wurden manipuliert, w&auml;hrend kriechen um die relative Beitr&auml;ge von Mechanik und neurale Steuerung zu verstehen. Sechsundzwanzig Kinder und sieben Erwachsene wurden untersucht. Video, Kraft-Platte und Electrogoniometer Daten wurden gesammelt. Bandgeschwindigkeit des Laufbandes, Breite der Bemessungsgrundlage und Gliedma&szlig;en L&auml;nge wurden manipuliert, bei Erwachsenen. Einfl&uuml;sse der unweighting und der Gliedma&szlig;en wurden bei Kleinkindern erforscht. Kleinkinder tendenziell Diagonale Gliedma&szlig;en zusammenr&uuml;cken (Trab-&auml;hnlich). Erwachsene ipsilaterale Extremit&auml;ten zus&auml;tzlich gemeinsam verschoben (Tempo-&auml;hnlich). Bei niedrigeren Geschwindigkeiten wurden die Bewegungen der vier Extremit&auml;ten rechtzeitig, keine klare Paarung der Gliedma&szlig;en mehr gleichm&auml;&szlig;ig verteilt. Bei h&ouml;heren Geschwindigkeiten wurden laufen symmetrische Gangarten nie beobachtet, obwohl ein Erwachsener sprengte. Verbreiterung Haltung verhindert Erwachsene aus mithilfe des Tempo-wie Gangs, w&auml;hrend die Verl&auml;ngerung der hinteren Gliedma&szlig;en (H&auml;nde und F&uuml;&szlig;e kriechen) die Gangart Trab-wie weitgehend verhindert. L&auml;nge der Gliedma&szlig;en und unweighting hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Koordinierung bei S&auml;uglingen. Wir schlie&szlig;en, dass menschliche Crawlen Merkmale gemeinsam mit anderen Primaten, aber auch mit Nonprimate Vierbeiner, hat &auml;hnliche zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen vorgeschlagen. Die gr&ouml;&szlig;ere Beschr&auml;nkung in Koordination Muster von S&auml;uglingen schl&auml;gt vor, dass ihr Nervensystem hat weniger Flexibilit&auml;t.

Interlimb Koordination menschlichen Crawling zeigt &Auml;hnlichkeiten in Entwicklung und neurale Steuerung mit Vierbeiner.

Lo studio di quadrupedi ha fornito la maggior parte della nostra comprensione della locomozione dei mammiferi. Per consentire un confronto pi&ugrave; diretto di coordinamento tra i quattro arti negli esseri umani e quadrupedi, abbiamo studiato strisciando nell&#39;essere umano, un comportamento che fa parte del normale sviluppo umano e meccanicamente pi&ugrave; simile alla locomozione quadrupede che &egrave; bipede a piedi. Interlimb coordinamento durante le mani e ginocchia strisciando &egrave; rispetto tra esseri umani e quadrupedi e tra gli adulti e i neonati umani. Fattori meccanici sono stati manipolati durante l&#39;indicizzazione per capire i contributi relativi della meccanica e controllo neurale. Ventisei neonati e sette adulti sono stati studiati. Video, stabilometrica ed elettrogoniometro dati sono stati raccolti. Velocit&agrave; del nastro del tapis roulant, larghezza della base e la lunghezza degli arti sono stati manipolati in adulti. Influenze di lunghezza degli arti e di unweighting sono state esplorate nei neonati. Neonati tendevano a muovere gli arti diagonali insieme (trotto-like). Adulti inoltre spostato arti omolaterali insieme (ritmo-like). A bassa velocit&agrave;, movimenti dei quattro arti erano pi&ugrave; equidistanti nel tempo, con nessun abbinamento chiaro degli arti. Alle alte velocit&agrave;, andature in esecuzione simmetriche sono state osservate mai, anche se un adulto al galoppo. Ampliamento adulti stance impedito da usando l&#39;andatura come ritmo, considerando che l&#39;allungamento degli arti posteriori (mani e piedi strisciando) in gran parte impedito l&#39;andatura di trotto-like. Lunghezza degli arti e unweighting ha avuto alcun effetto sul coordinamento nei neonati. Concludiamo che strisciano umano condivide caratteristiche con altri primati e con nonprimate quadrupedi, suggerendo meccanismi sottostanti simili. La maggiore limitazione nei modelli di coordinamento utilizzati da neonati suggerisce che loro sistema nervoso ha meno flessibilit&agrave;.

Interlimb coordinamento in strisciando umano rivela somiglianze nello sviluppo e controllo neurale con quadrupedi.

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El estudio de cuadr&uacute;pedos ha proporcionado la mayor parte de nuestra comprensi&oacute;n de la locomoci&oacute;n mam&iacute;fero. Para permitir una comparaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s directa de la coordinaci&oacute;n entre las cuatro extremidades en los seres humanos y cuadr&uacute;pedos, estudiamos arrastr&aacute;ndose en el ser humano, un comportamiento que es parte del desarrollo humano normal y mec&aacute;nicamente m&aacute;s similar a la locomoci&oacute;n cuadr&uacute;peda que es b&iacute;pedo caminando. Interlimb coordinaci&oacute;n de manos y rodillas arrastr&aacute;ndose se compara entre los seres humanos y cuadr&uacute;pedos y entre adultos y ni&ntilde;os. Factores mec&aacute;nicos fueron manipulados durante el rastreo para entender las contribuciones relativas de la mec&aacute;nica y control neural. Veintis&eacute;is ni&ntilde;os y siete adultos fueron estudiados. Se colectaron video, placa de fuerza y datos de electrogoniometer. Velocidad de la banda de la caminadora, ancho de base y la longitud de la extremidad fueron manipulados en adultos. Influencias de unweighting y miembro de longitud fueron exploradas en reci&eacute;n nacidos. Los ni&ntilde;os sol&iacute;an acercan extremidades diagonales (trote-como). Adultos adem&aacute;s mover extremidades ipsolaterales juntos (como ritmo). A velocidades m&aacute;s bajas, movimientos de los cuatro miembros eran m&aacute;s espaciados en el tiempo, con no clara vinculaci&oacute;n de miembros. A altas velocidades, funcionamiento sim&eacute;tricos Aires nunca fueron observados, aunque un adulto galope. Ampliaci&oacute;n adultos postura impedido de usar el ritmo-como andar, mientras que el alargamiento de los miembros posteriores (rastreo de manos y pies) en gran parte impidi&oacute; el paso de trote-como. Longitud de la extremidad y unweighting no tuvieron efecto sobre coordinaci&oacute;n en reci&eacute;n nacidos. Concluimos que arrastre humano comparte caracter&iacute;sticas con otros primates y con nonprimate cuadr&uacute;pedos, sugiriendo mecanismos subyacentes similares. La mayor restricci&oacute;n en coordinaci&oacute;n patrones usados por ni&ntilde;os sugiere que su sistema nervioso tiene menos flexibilidad.

Interlimb coordinaci&oacute;n en rastreo humano revela semejanzas en el desarrollo y control neural con cuadr&uacute;pedos.

Using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) we studied how playing a dance video game employs coordinated activation of sensory-motor integration centers of the superior parietal lobe (SPL) and superior temporal gyrus (STG). Subjects played a dance video game, in a block design with 30s of activity alternating with 30s of rest, while changes in oxy-hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) levels were continuously measured. The game was modified to compare difficult (4-arrow), simple (2-arrow), and stepping conditions. Oxy-Hb levels were greatest with increased task difficulty. The quick-onset, trapezoidal time-course increase in SPL oxy-Hb levels reflected the on-off neuronal response of spatial orienting and rhythmic motor timing that were required during the activity. Slow-onset, bell-shaped increases in oxy-Hb levels observed in STG suggested the gradually increasing load of directing multisensory information to downstream processing centers associated with motor behavior and control. Differences in temporal relationships of SPL and STG oxy-Hb concentration levels may reflect the functional roles of these brain structures during the task period. NIRS permits insights into temporal relationships of cortical hemodynamics during real motor tasks.

Parietal and temporal activity during a multimodal dance video game: an fNIRS study.

Human infants can crawl using several very different styles; this diversity appears at first glance to contradict our previous findings from hands-and-knees crawling, which suggested that there were strict limitations on coordination, imposed either mechanically or by the developing nervous system. To determine whether coordination was similarly restricted across crawling styles, we studied free crawling overground in 22 infants who used a number of different locomotor strategies. Despite the wide variety in the use of individual limbs and even the number of limbs used, the duration of the stance phase increased with duration of cycle, whereas the duration of the swing phase remained more constant. Additionally, all infants showed organized, rhythmic interlimb coordination. Alternating patterns (e.g., trotlike) predominated (86% of infants). Alternatively, yet much less frequently, all limbs used could work in synchrony (14% of infants). Pacelike patterns were never observed, even in infants that crawled with the belly remaining in contact with the ground so that stability was not a factor. To explore the robustness of the interlimb coordination, a perturbation that prolonged swing of the leg was imposed on 14 additional infants crawling on hands and knees overground or on the treadmill. The perturbation led to a resetting of the crawling pattern, but never to a change in the coordination of the limbs. The findings concur with those regarding other infant animals, together suggesting that the nervous system itself limits the coordination patterns available at a young age.

Developmental constraints of quadrupedal coordination across crawling styles in human infants.

The Kana Pick-out Test (KPT), which uses Kana or Japanese symbols that represent syllables, requires parallel processing of discrete (pick-out) and continuous (reading) dual tasks. As a dual task, the KPT is thought to test working memory and executive function, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and is widely used in Japan as a clinical screen for dementia. Nevertheless, there has been little neurological investigation into PFC activity during this test.

Activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a dual neuropsychological screening test: an fMRI approach.

We utilized the high temporal resolution of functional near-infrared spectroscopy to explore how sensory input (visual and rhythmic auditory cues) are processed in the cortical areas of multimodal integration to achieve coordinated motor output during unrestricted dance simulation gameplay. Using an open source clone of the dance simulation video game, Dance Dance Revolution, two cortical regions of interest were selected for study, the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and the frontopolar cortex (FPC). We hypothesized that activity in the FPC would indicate top-down regulatory mechanisms of motor behavior; while that in the MTG would be sustained due to bottom-up integration of visual and auditory cues throughout the task. We also hypothesized that a correlation would exist between behavioral performance and the temporal patterns of the hemodynamic responses in these regions of interest. Results indicated that greater temporal accuracy of dance steps positively correlated with persistent activation of the MTG and with cumulative suppression of the FPC. When auditory cues were eliminated from the simulation, modifications in cortical responses were found depending on the gameplay performance. In the MTG, high-performance players showed an increase but low-performance players displayed a decrease in cumulative amount of the oxygenated hemoglobin response in the no music condition compared to that in the music condition. In the FPC, high-performance players showed relatively small variance in the activity regardless of the presence of auditory cues, while low-performance players showed larger differences in the activity between the no music and music conditions. These results suggest that the MTG plays an important role in the successful integration of visual and rhythmic cues and the FPC may work as top-down control to compensate for insufficient integrative ability of visual and rhythmic cues in the MTG. The relative relationships between these cortical areas indicated high- to low-performance levels when performing cued motor tasks. We propose that changes in these relationships can be monitored to gauge performance increases in motor learning and rehabilitation programs.

Frontotemporal oxyhemoglobin dynamics predict performance accuracy of dance simulation gameplay: temporal characteristics of top-down and bottom-up cortical activities.

To determine energy expenditure and player experience in exer-games designed for novel platforms.

Energy cost and game flow of 5 exer-games in trained players.

Exer-games and virtual reality offer alternative opportunities to provide neuro-rehabilitation and exercise that are fun. Our goal was to determine how effective they are in achieving motor learning goals and fitness benefits as players gain experience.

Article	Year
Breathing frequency changes at the onset of stepping in human infants. Journal of neurophysiology\| PubMed ID: 18184890	2008
Interlimb coordination in human crawling reveals similarities in development and neural control with quadrupeds. Journal of neurophysiology\| PubMed ID: 19036860	2009
Parietal and temporal activity during a multimodal dance video game: an fNIRS study. Neuroscience letters\| PubMed ID: 21875646	2011
Developmental constraints of quadrupedal coordination across crawling styles in human infants. Journal of neurophysiology\| PubMed ID: 22402655	2012
Activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a dual neuropsychological screening test: an fMRI approach. Behavioral and brain functions : BBF\| PubMed ID: 22640773	2012
Frontotemporal oxyhemoglobin dynamics predict performance accuracy of dance simulation gameplay: temporal characteristics of top-down and bottom-up cortical activities. NeuroImage\| PubMed ID: 23707582	2014
Energy cost and game flow of 5 exer-games in trained players. American journal of health behavior\| PubMed ID: 23985184	2013
Physiological and psychophysiological responses to an exer-game training protocol. Journal of science and medicine in sport / Sports Medicine Australia\| PubMed ID: 25824058	2015

J. Adam Noah

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