modification-colliculo-thalamocortical-mouse-brain-slice

Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging

The ability of the brain to process sensory information relies on both ascending and descending sets of projections. Until recently, the only way to study ...

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

The most vulnerable stages of Plasmodium development occur in the lumen of the mosquito midgut, a compartment shared with symbiotic bacteria. Here, we describe a strategy that uses symbiotic bacteria to deliver antimalaria effector molecules to the midgut lumen, thus rendering host mosquitoes refractory to malaria infection. The Escherichia coli hemolysin A secretion system was used to promote the secretion of a variety of anti-Plasmodium effector proteins by Pantoea agglomerans, a common mosquito symbiotic bacterium. These engineered P. agglomerans strains inhibited development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei by up to 98%. Significantly, the proportion of mosquitoes carrying parasites (prevalence) decreased by up to 84% for two of the effector molecules, scorpine, a potent antiplasmodial peptide and (EPIP)(4), four copies of Plasmodium enolase-plasminogen interaction peptide that prevents plasminogen binding to the ookinete surface. We demonstrate the use of an engineered symbiotic bacterium to interfere with the development of P. falciparum in the mosquito. These findings provide the foundation for the use of genetically modified symbiotic bacteria as a powerful tool to combat malaria.

Fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes.

Key questions about the thalamus are still unanswered in part because of the inability to stimulate its inputs while monitoring cortical output. To address this, we employed flavoprotein autofluorescence optical imaging to expedite the process of developing a brain slice in mouse with connectivity among the auditory midbrain, thalamus, thalamic reticular nucleus, and cortex. Optical, electrophysiological, anatomic, and pharmacological tools revealed ascending connectivity from midbrain to thalamus and thalamus to cortex as well as descending connectivity from cortex to thalamus and midbrain and from thalamus to midbrain. The slices were relatively thick (600-700 μm), but, based on typical measures of cell health (resting membrane potential, spike height, and input resistance) and use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, the slices were as viable as thinner slices. As expected, after electrical stimulation of the midbrain, the latency of synaptic responses gradually increased from thalamus to cortex, and spiking responses were seen in thalamic neurons. Therefore, for the first time, it will be possible to manipulate and record simultaneously the activity of most of the key brain structures that are synaptically connected to the thalamus. The details for the construction of such slices are described herein.

An auditory colliculothalamocortical brain slice preparation in mouse.

We live in a world imbued with a rich mixture of complex sounds. Successful acoustic communication requires the ability to extract meaning from those sounds, even when degraded. One strategy used by the auditory system is to harness high-level contextual cues to modulate the perception of incoming sounds. An ideal substrate for this process is the massive set of top-down projections emanating from virtually every level of the auditory system. In this review, we provide a molecular and circuit-level description of one of the largest of these pathways: the auditory corticocollicular pathway. While its functional role remains to be fully elucidated, activation of this projection system can rapidly and profoundly change the tuning of neurons in the inferior colliculus. Several specific issues are reviewed. First, we describe the complex heterogeneous anatomical organization of the corticocollicular pathway, with particular emphasis on the topography of the pathway. We also review the laminar origin of the corticocollicular projection and discuss known physiological and morphological differences between subsets of corticocollicular cells. Finally, we discuss recent findings about the molecular micro-organization of the inferior colliculus and how it interfaces with corticocollicular termination patterns. Given the assortment of molecular tools now available to the investigator, it is hoped that his review will help guide future research on the role of this pathway in normal hearing.

The auditory corticocollicular system: molecular and circuit-level considerations.

Memory and learning are thought to result from changes in synaptic strength. Previous studies on synaptic physiology in brain slices have traditionally been focused on biochemical processes. Here, we demonstrate with experiments on mouse brain slices that central nervous system plasticity is also sensitive to mechanical stretch. This is important, given the host of clinical conditions involving changes in mechanical tension on the brain, and the normal role that mechanical tension plays in brain development. A novel platform is developed to investigate neural responses to mechanical stretching. Flavoprotein autofluoresence (FA) imaging was employed for measuring neural activity. We observed that synaptic excitability substantially increases after a small (2.5%) stretch was held for 10 min and released. The increase is accumulative, i.e., multiple stretch cycles further increase the excitability. We also developed analytical tools to quantify the spatial spread and response strength. Results show that the spatial spread is less stable in slices undergoing the stretch-unstretch cycle. FA amplitude and activation rate decrease as excitability increases in stretch cases but not in electrically enhanced cases. These results collectively demonstrate that a small stretch in physiological range can modulate neural activities significantly, suggesting that mechanical events can be employed as a novel tool for the modulation of neural plasticity.

Article	Year
Fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 22802646	2012
An auditory colliculothalamocortical brain slice preparation in mouse. Journal of neurophysiology\| PubMed ID: 24108796	2014
The auditory corticocollicular system: molecular and circuit-level considerations. Hearing research\| PubMed ID: 24911237	2014
Stretch induced hyperexcitability of mice callosal pathway. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 26300729	2015

Kevin A. Stebbings

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