concurrent-electroencephalography-recording-during-transcranial

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

University of Bern

Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO

It is known that, in the retina, extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) release from cholinergic neurons, but the types of purinoceptors on cholinergic neurons have not been examined. In the present work, we immunohistochemically examined the distribution of the purinoceptors P2X1, P2X2, P2X4, and P2X7 in relation to the cholinergic system of the retina in wild-type mice and transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Immunoreactivity for P2X2 was very strong in sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer but very weak in sublamina b of the inner plexiform layer of the retina. Immunoreactivity for P2X2 was colocalized with that for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). When transgenic mice were treated with the immunotoxin-mediated cell-targeting technology to ablate cholinergic amacrine cells selectively, immunoreactivity for P2X2 and the signals for GFP disappeared in parallel and selectively in the OFF pathway. The distribution of immunoreactivity for P2X1, P2X4, and P2X7 differed from that of ChAT immunoreactivity. The selective distribution of P2X2 purinergic receptors in OFF-type cholinergic amacrine cells indicates that the P2X2 purinergic signaling systems in the ON and OFF pathways of the inner plexiform layer of the mouse retina are functionally different. The distribution of P2X2 purinoceptors may be responsible for the selective regulation of ACh release in the OFF pathway.

OFF-cholinergic-pathway-selective localization of P2X2 purinoceptors in the mouse retina.

&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x4E86;&#x5E7F;&#x6CDB;&#x7684;&#x836F;&#x7406;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x7B2C; 2 &#x7EC4;&#x5305;&#x62EC; mGluR2 &#x548C; mGluR3 &#x4E9A;&#x578B;&#x8C37;&#x6C28;&#x9178;&#x53D7;&#x4F53; (mGluRs) &#x4EE3;&#x8C22;&#x578B;&#x4E0E;&#x51E0;&#x4E2A;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x548C;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x75BE;&#x75C5;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x3002;mGluR2 &#x5E7F;&#x4E3A;&#x6563;&#x53D1; presynaptically &#x548C; postsynaptically &#x90FD;&#x4EE5;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x5404;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5143;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46; mGluR2 &#x5728;&#x8111;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E86;&#x89E3;&#x751A;&#x5C11;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x9879;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x6D89;&#x53CA;&#x5230; mGluR2/&#x6316;&#x7A7A; (KO) &#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x63A2;&#x7D22;&#x8111;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7684; mGluR2 &#x7684;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x5168;&#x9762;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x7684;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3002;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#xFF0C;mGluR2/&#x67EF;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x5C55;&#x51FA;&#x51E0;&#x884C;&#x4E2D;&#x5F3A;&#x5236;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x548C;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x7684;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x3002;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x53D1;&#x5BA3;&#x4F20;&#x6709;&#x4E86;&#x660E;&#x663E;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x548C;&#x4F4D;&#x7F6E;&#x504F;&#x7231;&#x7684;&#x534F;&#x4F1A;&#x4E0E;&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x53EF;&#x5361;&#x56E0;&#x884C;&#x653F;&#x5F53;&#x5C40;&#xFF0C;&#x6307;&#x793A;&#x8BE5; mGluR2 &#x6709;&#x52A9;&#x4E8E;&#x5377;&#x5165;&#x52A0;&#x56FA;&#x548C;&#x53EF;&#x5361;&#x56E0;&#x6210;&#x763E;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x3002;&#x4F53;&#x5185;&#x5FAE;&#x900F;&#x6790;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x540E;&#x53EF;&#x5361;&#x56E0;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x4EC5;&#x672A;&#x80DE;&#x5916;&#x6C34;&#x5E73;&#x7684;&#x591A;&#x5DF4;&#x80FA;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x4F46;&#x8FD8;&#x8C37;&#x6C28;&#x9178;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x7684;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x4F0F;&#x9694;&#x6838;&#x7684; mGluR2/&#x67EF;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;MGluR2/&#x67EF;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x4E5F;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x7535;&#x673A;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x52A0;&#x901F; rota &#x6746;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x91CD;&#x5927;&#x635F;&#x5BB3;&#x548C;&#x5C55;&#x51FA;&#x5728;&#x65B0;&#x578B;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x548C;&#x538B;&#x529B;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;hyperlocomotion &#x7684;&#x5F00;&#x653E;&#x9886;&#x57DF;&#x548C;&#x5F3A;&#x8FEB;&#x6E38;&#x6CF3;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x8BC4;&#x4F30;&#x65F6;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x6291;&#x5236; mGluR2 &#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x8C37;&#x6C28;&#x9178;&#x80FD;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x4E2D;&#x4F20;&#x8F93;&#x7684;&#x7A81;&#x89E6;&#x8C03;&#x8282;&#x8D77;&#x7740;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x3002;

&#x52A0;&#x5F3A;&#x4E86;&#x53EF;&#x5361;&#x56E0;&#x7684;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x548C;&#x4EE3;&#x8C22;&#x578B;&#x8C37;&#x6C28;&#x9178;&#x53D7;&#x4F53;&#x4E9A;&#x578B; 2 &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x6572;&#x9664;&#x5C0F;&#x9F20;&#x53D7;&#x635F;&#x7535;&#x673A;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x3002;

Extensive pharmacological studies have recently emerged indicating that group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) comprising mGluR2 and mGluR3 subtypes are associated with several neurological and psychiatric disorders. mGluR2 is widely distributed both presynaptically and postsynaptically in a variety of neuronal cells, but the physiological role of mGluR2 in brain function is poorly understood. This investigation involves a comprehensive behavioral analysis of mGluR2-/- knockout (KO) mice to explore the physiological role of mGluR2 in brain function. Although, under general observation, mGluR2-/- KO mice appeared to have no behavioral abnormalities, they exhibited several lines of behavioral alterations in the enforcing and defined behavioral tests. They showed a significant increase in locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference in association with repeated cocaine administration, indicating that mGluR2 contributes to behavioral responses implicated in reinforcement and addiction of cocaine. Upon in vivo microdialysis analysis after cocaine administration, not only did extracellular levels of dopamine increase but also the response pattern of glutamate release markedly changed in the nucleus accumbens of mGluR2-/- KO mice. The mGluR2-/- KO mice also showed significant impairment in motor coordination in the accelerating rota-rod test and exhibited hyperlocomotion in novel environmental and stressful conditions, when assessed by the open-field and forced-swim tests. These results indicate that the inhibitory mGluR2 plays a pivotal role in synaptic regulation of glutamatergic transmission in the neural network.

Enhanced cocaine responsiveness and impaired motor coordination in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 knockout mice.

De vastes &#xE9;tudes pharmacologiques ont r&#xE9;cemment &#xE9;merg&#xE9; indiquant que le groupe 2 r&#xE9;cepteurs m&#xE9;tabotropiques du glutamate (mGluR) comprenant mGluR2 et mGluR3 sous-types sont associ&#xE9;s &#xE0; plusieurs troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques. mGluR2 est largement distribu&#xE9;e &#xE0; la fois pr&#xE9;-synaptique et postsynaptique dans une vari&#xE9;t&#xE9; de cellules neuronales, mais le r&#xF4;le physiologique de mGluR2 dans le fonctionnement du cerveau est mal comprise. Cette enqu&#xEA;te porte sur une analyse compl&#xE8;te du comportement du mGluR2-/ - KO (KO) chez la souris pour explorer le r&#xF4;le physiologique de mGluR2 dans le fonctionnement du cerveau. Bien que, en vertu de l&#x26;#39;observation g&#xE9;n&#xE9;rale, mGluR2-/ - souris KO ne semblaient pas avoir des troubles du comportement, ils ont fait preuve plusieurs lignes de modifications du comportement dans les tests de l&#x26;#39;application et d&#xE9;fini de comportement. Ils ont montr&#xE9; une augmentation significative dans la sensibilisation locomotrice et la pr&#xE9;f&#xE9;rence de place conditionn&#xE9;e en association avec l&#x26;#39;administration de coca&#xEF;ne r&#xE9;p&#xE9;t&#xE9;e, ce qui indique que mGluR2 contribue &#xE0; des r&#xE9;ponses comportementales impliqu&#xE9;es dans le renforcement et la toxicomanie de la coca&#xEF;ne. Sur l&#x26;#39;analyse de microdialyse in vivo apr&#xE8;s l&#x26;#39;administration de la coca&#xEF;ne, non seulement les niveaux extracellulaires de dopamine augmentation mais aussi le profil de r&#xE9;ponse de la lib&#xE9;ration de glutamate nettement chang&#xE9; dans le noyau accumbens de mGluR2-/ - souris KO. Les mGluR2-/ - souris KO ont &#xE9;galement montr&#xE9; une alt&#xE9;ration significative de la coordination motrice dans la rotation s&#x26;#39;acc&#xE9;l&#xE8;re-tige de test et expos&#xE9; dans de nouveaux hyperlocomotion conditions environnementales et stressant, lorsqu&#x26;#39;il est &#xE9;valu&#xE9; par les tests en plein champ et forc&#xE9;-nage. Ces r&#xE9;sultats indiquent que l&#x26;#39;inhibition du r&#xE9;cepteur mGluR2 joue un r&#xF4;le central dans la r&#xE9;gulation synaptique de la transmission glutamatergique dans le r&#xE9;seau neuronal.

R&#xE9;activit&#xE9; am&#xE9;lior&#xE9;e coca&#xEF;ne et la coordination motrice dans m&#xE9;tabotropiques souris knock-out sous-type r&#xE9;cepteur de glutamate 2

Verbesserte Reaktionsf&#xE4;higkeit und Kokain eingeschr&#xE4;nkte motorische Koordination in metabotropen Glutamat-Rezeptor-Subtyp 2-Knockout-M&#xE4;usen.

Vasti studi farmacologici hanno recentemente emerso che indica che i gruppo 2 metabotropic glutammato recettori (mGluRs) comprendente sottotipi mGluR2 e mGluR3 sono associati a diversi disturbi neurologici e psichiatrici. mGluR2 &egrave; ampiamente distribuito sia presynaptically e postsynaptically in una variet&agrave; di cellule neuronali, ma il ruolo fisiologico di mGluR2 nella funzione del cervello &egrave; capito male. Questa indagine comporta una completa analisi del comportamento dei topi mGluR2-/-knockout (KO) per esplorare il ruolo fisiologico di mGluR2 nella funzione del cervello. Anche se, sotto osservazione generale, mGluR2/KO topi sembravano non avere nessun anomalie comportamentali, hanno esposto diverse linee delle alterazioni comportamentali l&#39;enforcing e definito test comportamentali. Essi hanno mostrato un aumento significativo nella sensibilizzazione dell&#39;apparato locomotore e conditioned place preference in associazione alla somministrazione ripetuta di cocaina, che indica che mGluR2 contribuisce a risposte comportamentali implicate nella dipendenza della cocaina e di rinforzo. Su analisi di microdialisi in vivo dopo la somministrazione di cocaina, non solo hanno livelli extracellulari di dopamina aumento ma anche il modello di risposta del rilascio di glutammato notevolmente cambiato nel nucleus accumbens di mGluR2/KO topi. I topi mGluR2/KO anche ha mostrato notevole peggioramento in coordinazione motoria nel test di accelerazione rota-rod ed esposto hyperlocomotion nel romanzo condizioni ambientali e stressante, quando valutata tramite il test di campo aperto e nuoto forzato. Questi risultati indicano che l&#39;inibitoria mGluR2 svolge un ruolo cruciale nel regolamento sinaptica di glutamatergico trasmissione nella rete neurale.

Migliorata la reattivit&agrave; di cocaina e alterata coordinazione motoria in topi knockout 2 di metabotropic glutammato recettore sottotipo.

&#x5927;&#x898F;&#x6A21;&#x306A;&#x85AC;&#x7406;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;mGluR2&#x3068;mGluR3&#x30B5;&#x30D6;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30D7;&#x3092;&#x6709;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x7B2C;2&#x7FA4;&#x4EE3;&#x8B1D;&#x578B;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30DF;&#x30F3;&#x9178;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;&#xFF08;mGluRs&#xFF09;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3044;&#x304F;&#x3064;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x75BE;&#x60A3;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3059;&#x6D6E;&#x4E0A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3002; mGluR2&#x306F;&#x5E83;&#x304F;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x306E;&#x69D8;&#x3005;&#x306A;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x306E;&#x30B7;&#x30CA;&#x30D7;&#x30B9;&#x524D;&#x3068;postsynaptically&#x914D;&#x5E03;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x304C;&#x3001;&#x8133;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x306E;mGluR2&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x7684;&#x5F79;&#x5272;&#x306F;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x306B;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30CE;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x30A2;&#x30A6;&#x30C8;&#xFF08;KO&#xFF09;&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x8133;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;mGluR2&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x7684;&#x5F79;&#x5272;&#x3092;&#x63A2;&#x6C42;&#x3059;&#x308B; - &#x3053;&#x306E;&#x8ABF;&#x67FB;&#x306F;mGluR2-/&#x306E;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x884C;&#x52D5;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x304C;&#x542B;&#x307E;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x306E;&#x4E0B;&#x3067;&#x3001;mGluR2-/&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x304C;&#x3001; -  KO&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9;&#x306F;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x884C;&#x52D5;&#x7570;&#x5E38;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306B;&#x898B;&#x3048;&#x3001;&#x5F7C;&#x3089;&#x306F;&#x5F37;&#x5236;&#x3068;&#x5B9A;&#x7FA9;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x884C;&#x52D5;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x884C;&#x52D5;&#x5909;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x6570;&#x884C;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5F7C;&#x3089;&#x306F;&#x3001;mGluR2&#x3001;&#x88DC;&#x5F37;&#x3084;&#x30B3;&#x30AB;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x4E2D;&#x6BD2;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x884C;&#x52D5;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x306B;&#x5BC4;&#x4E0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3059;&#x3001;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x611F;&#x3001;&#x7E70;&#x308A;&#x8FD4;&#x3057;&#x30B3;&#x30AB;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x6295;&#x4E0E;&#x306B;&#x4F34;&#x3046;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x5834;&#x6240;&#x55DC;&#x597D;&#x306E;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x306A;&#x200B;&#x200B;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002; KO&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9; - &#x30B3;&#x30AB;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x6295;&#x4E0E;&#x5F8C;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x4F53;&#x5185;&#x30DE;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30C0;&#x30A4;&#x30A2;&#x30EA;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x306E;&#x969B;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x30C9;&#x30FC;&#x30D1;&#x30DF;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3082;&#x8457;&#x3057;&#x304F;mGluR2-/&#x306E;&#x5074;&#x5750;&#x6838;&#x3067;&#x5909;&#x66F4;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30DF;&#x30F3;&#x9178;&#x653E;&#x51FA;&#x306E;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x30D1;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x5916;&#x30EC;&#x30D9;&#x30EB;&#x304C;&#x306A;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3060;&#x3051;&#x3002; mGluR2-/  -  KO&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9;&#x306F;&#x30AA;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x30F3;&#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x30C9;&#x3068;&#x5F37;&#x5236;&#x6C34;&#x6CF3;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x8A55;&#x4FA1;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x5834;&#x5408;&#x3001;&#x52A0;&#x901F;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30BF;&#x30ED;&#x30C3;&#x30C9;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x3067;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x5354;&#x8ABF;&#x306E;&#x200B;&#x200B;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x969C;&#x5BB3;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x65B0;&#x305F;&#x306A;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x3084;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x591A;&#x3044;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x3067;hyperlocomotion&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6291;&#x5236;mGluR2&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30CB;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30E9;&#x30EB;&#x30CD;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x30EF;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30DF;&#x30F3;&#x9178;&#x4F5C;&#x52D5;&#x6027;&#x30B7;&#x30CA;&#x30D7;&#x30B9;&#x4F1D;&#x9054;&#x306E;&#x8ABF;&#x7BC0;&#x306B;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x5F79;&#x5272;&#x3092;&#x679C;&#x305F;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x4EE3;&#x8B1D;&#x578B;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30DF;&#x30F3;&#x9178;&#x53D7;&#x5BB9;&#x4F53;&#x30B5;&#x30D6;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30D7;2&#x30CE;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x30A2;&#x30A6;&#x30C8;&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30B9;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x5F37;&#x5316;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30B3;&#x30AB;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x6027;&#x3068;&#x5354;&#x8ABF;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x969C;&#x5BB3;

&#xAD11;&#xBC94;&#xC704; &#xD55C; &#xC57D;&#xB9AC; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xB294; &#xCD5C;&#xADFC; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9; 2 metabotropic glutamate &#xC218;&#xC6A9; (mGluRs) mGluR2 &#xBC0F; mGluR3 &#xD558;&#xC704; &#xC720;&#xD615;&#xC774; &#xAD6C;&#xC131; &#xB41C; &#xC5EC;&#xB7EC; &#xAC00;&#xC9C0; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xBC0F; &#xC815;&#xC2E0; &#xC7A5;&#xC560;&#xC640; &#xC5F0;&#xACB0; &#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xC788;&#xB294;&#xC9C0; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0B4;&#xB294; &#xB4F1;&#xC7A5; &#xD588;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. Mglur2&#xC740; &#xB110;&#xB9AC; &#xBD84;&#xC0B0; presynaptically&#xACFC; postsynaptically &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xC774;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; &#xB1CC; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC5D0; Mglur2&#xC758; &#xC0DD;&#xB9AC; &#xC801; &#xC5ED;&#xD560;&#xC740; &#xC81C;&#xB300;&#xB85C; &#xC774;&#xD574;. &#xC774; &#xC870;&#xC0AC;&#xB294; &#xB1CC; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC5D0; Mglur2&#xC758; &#xC0DD;&#xB9AC; &#xC801; &#xC5ED;&#xD560;&#xC744; &#xD0D0;&#xAD6C; &#xD558; mGluR2/&#xB179;&#xC544;&#xC6C3; (KO) &#xB9C8;&#xC6B0;&#xC2A4;&#xC758; &#xD3EC;&#xAD04;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xD589;&#xB3D9; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBE44;&#xB85D; &#xC77C;&#xBC18; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; mGluR2/&#xCF54; &#xC950; &#xD589;&#xB3D9; &#xC774;&#xC0C1;&#xC774; &#xC5C6;&#xB2E4;&#xAC00; &#xB4F1;&#xC7A5;, &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC740; &#xC5EC;&#xB7EC; &#xC904;&#xC758; &#xD589;&#xB3D9; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xB41C; &#xC2DC;&#xD589;&#xC5D0; &#xC804;&#xC2DC; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xD589;&#xB3D9; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB97C; &#xC815;&#xC758;. &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC740; &#xC6B4;&#xC804; &#xBBFC;&#xAC10;&#xC131;&#xC5D0; &#xC0C1;&#xB2F9;&#xD55C; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC; &#xC8FC;&#xBA70; &#xBCF4;&#xAC15;&#xACFC; &#xCF54;&#xCE74;&#xC778; &#xC911;&#xB3C5;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB0B4;&#xD3EC; &#xB41C; &#xD589;&#xB3D9; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC5D0; &#xAE30;&#xC5EC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xADF8; Mglur2&#xC744; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0B4;&#xB294; &#xBC18;&#xBCF5;&#xB41C; &#xCF54;&#xCE74;&#xC778; &#xAD00;&#xB9AC;&#xC640; &#xD611;&#xD68C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC7A5;&#xC18C; &#xAE30;&#xBCF8; &#xC870;&#xAC74;. &#xCF54;&#xCE74;&#xC778; &#xAD00;&#xB9AC; &#xD6C4; &#xC0DD;&#xCCB4; &#xC870;&#xAC74; microdialysis &#xBD84;&#xC11D;, &#xC2DC; &#xBFD0;&#xB9CC; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C; &#xB3C4;&#xD30C;&#xBBFC; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xC678; &#xC218;&#xC900;&#xC758; &#xD588;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; &#xC870;&#xBBF8;&#xB8CC; &#xCD9C;&#xC2DC;&#xC758; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; &#xD328;&#xD134; mGluR2/KO &#xB9C8;&#xC6B0;&#xC2A4;&#xC758; &#xD575; accumbens&#xC5D0; &#xD604;&#xC800; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C; mGluR2/KO &#xB9C8;&#xC6B0;&#xC2A4; &#xAC00;&#xC18D;&#xB85C; &#xD0C0; &#xB85C;&#xB4DC; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBAA8;&#xD130; &#xC870;&#xC815;&#xC5D0; &#xC0C1;&#xB2F9;&#xD55C; &#xC7A5;&#xC560;&#xB97C; &#xBCF4;&#xC600;&#xB2E4; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC624;&#xD508; &#xD544;&#xB4DC;&#xC640; &#xAC15;&#xC81C; &#xC218;&#xC601; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB97C; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xBD80;&#xACFC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xD658;&#xACBD; &#xBC0F; &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB808;&#xC2A4; &#xC870;&#xAC74;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; hyperlocomotion&#xB97C; &#xC804;&#xC2DC;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xD45C;&#xC2DC; &#xAE08;&#xC9C0; mGluR2 glutamatergic &#xC804;&#xC1A1; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xB9DD;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xC758; &#xC2DC; &#xB0C5; &#xC2A4; &#xADDC;&#xC81C;&#xC5D0; &#xC911;&#xCD94;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC5ED;&#xD560;&#xC744; &#xD55C;&#xB2E4;.

&#xD5A5;&#xC0C1; &#xB41C; &#xCF54;&#xCE74;&#xC778; &#xC751;&#xB2F5;&#xC131; &#xBC0F; &#xC7A5;&#xC560;&#xC778;&#xB41C; &#xBAA8;&#xD130; &#xC870;&#xC815; metabotropic glutamate &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xCCB4; &#xD558;&#xC704; 2 &#xB179;&#xC544;&#xC6C3; &#xC950;.

Numerosos estudios farmacol&#xF3;gicos han surgido recientemente lo que indica que el grupo 2 receptores metabotr&#xF3;picos de glutamato (mGluRs) que comprenden mGluR2 y mGluR3 subtipos est&#xE1;n asociados con varias enfermedades neurol&#xF3;gicas y psiqui&#xE1;tricas. mGluR2 est&#xE1; ampliamente distribuido tanto presin&#xE1;pticamente y postsin&#xE1;pticamente en una variedad de c&#xE9;lulas neuronales, pero el papel fisiol&#xF3;gico de mGluR2 en la funci&#xF3;n cerebral es dif&#xED;cil de entender. Esta investigaci&#xF3;n implica un an&#xE1;lisis exhaustivo del comportamiento de mGluR2-/ - knockout (KO) ratones para explorar el papel fisiol&#xF3;gico de mGluR2 en la funci&#xF3;n cerebral. Aunque en virtud de la observaci&#xF3;n general, mGluR2-/ - ratones KO parec&#xED;an no tener anormalidades en la conducta, exhibieron varias l&#xED;neas de las alteraciones de comportamiento en las pruebas de ejecuci&#xF3;n de las medidas definidas de conducta. Ellos mostraron un incremento significativo en la sensibilizaci&#xF3;n del aparato locomotor y la preferencia de lugar condicionada en asociaci&#xF3;n con la administraci&#xF3;n de coca&#xED;na repetido, lo que indica que mGluR2 contribuye a respuestas conductuales implicados en el refuerzo y la adicci&#xF3;n a la coca&#xED;na. Una vez en el an&#xE1;lisis de microdi&#xE1;lisis in vivo despu&#xE9;s de la administraci&#xF3;n de coca&#xED;na, no s&#xF3;lo los niveles extracelulares de dopamina aumento, sino tambi&#xE9;n el patr&#xF3;n de respuesta de la liberaci&#xF3;n de glutamato cambiado notablemente en el n&#xFA;cleo accumbens de mGluR2-/ - ratones KO. Los mGluR2-/ - ratones KO tambi&#xE9;n mostr&#xF3; un deterioro significativo en la coordinaci&#xF3;n motora en la aceleraci&#xF3;n de rotaci&#xF3;n varilla de prueba y exhibida en el hyperlocomotion nuevas condiciones ambientales y de estr&#xE9;s, cuando se eval&#xFA;an en las pruebas de campo abierto y oblig&#xF3; a la piscina. Estos resultados indican que la inhibici&#xF3;n mGluR2 juega un papel fundamental en la regulaci&#xF3;n de la transmisi&#xF3;n sin&#xE1;ptica glutamat&#xE9;rgica en la red neuronal.

Capacidad de respuesta de coca&#xED;na y coordinaci&#xF3;n motora en ratones metabotr&#xF3;picos de glutamato subtipo de receptor Knockout 2

In the developing cerebellum, switching of subunit composition of NMDA receptors occurs in granule cells from NR2B subunit-containing receptors to NR2C subunit-containing receptors. This switching of subunit composition plays an important role in the establishment of functional mossy fiber-granule cell synaptic transmission in the mature cerebellar network. The mechanism underlying NR2C upregulation in developing granule cells, however, has to date remained to be determined. In granule cells cultured in low (5 mm) KCl, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulated NR2C mRNA via the TrkB-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 cascade and promoted the formation of an NR2C-containing NMDA receptor complex. In granule cells cultured in high (25 mm) KCl, depolarization stimulated voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. The resultant increase in intracellular Ca2+ activated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent calcineurin phosphatase and blocked NR2C mRNA upregulation. Interestingly, the depolarization-induced Ca2+ increase simultaneously upregulated BDNF mRNA via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK). Consequently, when calcineurin was inhibited by its inhibitor FK506 under the depolarizing condition, the CaMK-mediated increase in BDNF became a stimulatory signal, and the endogenous BDNF autocrine system was capable of upregulating NR2C mRNA via the common TrkB-ERK cascade. The importance of the BDNF-TrkB pathway was further supported by a significant reduction in NR2C in normally migrated granule cells of TrkB(-/-) knock-out mice in vivo. The convergent mechanism of the BDNF and Ca2+ signaling cascades thus plays an important regulatory role in NR2C induction in granule cells during cerebellar development.

Neuronal depolarization controls brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced upregulation of NR2C NMDA receptor via calcineurin signaling.

Recent studies have shown that cholinergic amacrine cells possess unique membrane properties. However, voltage-gated ionic channels in cholinergic amacrine cells have not been characterized systematically. In this study, using electrophysiological and immunohistochemical techniques, we examined voltage-gated ionic channels in a transgenic mouse line the cholinergic amacrine cells of which were selectively labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Voltage-gated K(+) currents contained a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current (A current) and a tetraethylammonium-sensitive current (delayed rectifier K(+) current). Voltage-gated Ca(2+) currents contained a omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive component (N-type) and a omega-Aga IVA-sensitive component (P/Q-type). Tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) currents and dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca(2+) currents (L-type) were not observed. Immunoreactivity for the Na channel subunit (Pan Nav), the K channel subunits (the A-current subunits [Kv. 3.3 and Kv 3.4]) and the Ca channel subunits (alpha1(A) [P/Q-type], alpha1(B) [N-type] and alpha1(C) [L-type]) was detected in the membrane fraction of the mouse retina by Western blot analysis. Immunoreactivity for the Kv. 3.3, Kv 3.4, alpha1(A) [P/Q-type], and alpha1(B) [N-type] was colocalized with the GFP signals. Immunoreactivity for alpha1(C) [L-type] was not colocalized with the GFP signals. Immunoreactivity for Pan Nav did not exist on the membrane surface of the GFP-positive cells. Our findings indicate that signal propagation in cholinergic amacrine cells is mediated by a combination of two types of voltage-gated K(+) currents (the A current and the delayed rectifier K(+) current) and two types of voltage-gated Ca(2+) currents (the P/Q-type and the N-type) in the mouse retina.

Characterization of voltage-gated ionic channels in cholinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina.

We examined the combined effects of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (hPTH) and elcatonin (ECT: a synthetic derivative of eel calcitonin) to prevent loss of bone mass, architecture and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Fifty-four female rats (aged 13 weeks) were assigned to one of nine groups: Sham (fake surgery performed), OVX, ECT (15 U/kg administered), PTH5, PTH10 and PTH20 (5, 10 or 20 microg/kg administered), and E+PTH5, E+PTH10 and E+PTH20 (15 U/kg of ECT and 5, 10 or 20 microg/kg of hPTH administered). The drug or vehicle was subcutaneously administered three times a week for 12 weeks. The femurs were removed at the completion of the experiment. The right distal femoral metaphysis was used for measuring bone mineral density (BMD), analyzing trabecular bone structure by micro-computed tomography (microCT), and conducting the bone strength test, and the left femur was used for histomorphometric analysis. Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and other bone mass parameters were greater in the ECT and PTH groups than in the OVX group. The number of nodes (N.Nd/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) were significantly greater in the ECT group, and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular bone pattern factor (TBPf) were significantly greater in the PTH group. These results indicate that these drugs preserve the bone architecture by different means. Analysis by means of microCT revealed that BV/TV, Tb.N, fractal D and N.Nd/TV were significantly greater in the E+PTH groups than in the PTH groups at each concentration. Trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) was significantly lower in the E+PTH5 and E+PTH10 groups than in the respective PTH5 and PTH10 groups. When the maximum load was applied in a compression test on the distal femur, the E+PTH groups had higher values than the PTH groups, however, the three point bending strength of the diaphysis of femur in the E+PTH10 and E+PTH20 groups tended to be low compared to those in the PTH10 and PTH20 groups. These results indicate that combination therapy using PTH and ECT preserves the trabecular microarchitecture better than single-drug therapy using ECT or PTH in OVX rats, however, it is necessary to optimize the calcitonin (CT) dosage and administration in order to achieve the optimal combined effect of PTH and CT.

Effect of combined humanPTH(1-34) and calcitonin treatment in ovariectomized rats.

Our voluntary behaviors are thought to be controlled by top-down signals from the prefrontal cortex that modulate neural processing in the posterior cortices according to the behavioral goal. However, we have insufficient evidence for the causal effect of the top-down signals. We applied a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the human prefrontal cortex and measured the strength of the top-down signals as an increase in the efficiency of neural impulse transmission. The impulse induced by the stimulation transmitted to different posterior visual areas depending on the domain of visual features to which subjects attended. We also found that the amount of impulse transmission was associated with the level of attentional preparation and the performance of visual selective-attention tasks, consistent with the causal role of prefrontal top-down signals.

Task-specific signal transmission from prefrontal cortex in visual selective attention.

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to modulate the neural network state in favor of the processing of task-relevant sensory information prior to the presentation of sensory stimuli. However, this proactive control mechanism cannot always optimize the network state because of intrinsic fluctuation of neural activity upon arrival of sensory information. In the present study, we have investigated an additional control mechanism, in which the control process to regulate the behavior is adjusted to the trial-by-trial fluctuation in neural representations of sensory information. We asked normal human subjects to perform a variant of the Stroop task. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we isolated cognitive conflict at a sensory processing stage on a single-trial basis by calculating the difference in activation between task-relevant and task-irrelevant sensory areas. Activation in the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) covaried with the neural estimate of sensory conflict only on incongruent trials. Also, the coupling between the DLPFC and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was tighter on high-sensory conflict trials with fast response. The results suggest that although detection of sensory conflict is achieved by the DLPFC, online behavioral adjustment is achieved by interactive mechanisms between the DLPFC and ACC.

Reactive mechanism of cognitive control system.

Our ability to choose nonhabitual controlled behavior instead of habitual automatic behavior is based on a flexible control mechanism subserved by neural activity representing the behavior-guiding rule. However, it has been shown that the behavior slows down more when switching from controlled to automatic behavior than vice versa. Here we show that persistent effective connectivity of the neural network after execution of controlled behavior is responsible for the behavioral slowing on a subsequent trial. We asked normal human subjects to perform a prosaccade or antisaccade task based on a cue and examined the effective connectivity of the neural network based on the pattern of neural impulse transmission induced by stimulation of the frontal eye field (FEF). Effective connectivity during the task preparation period was dependent on the task that subjects had performed on the previous trial, regardless of the upcoming task. The strength of this persistent effective connectivity was associated with saccade slowing especially on trials after controlled antisaccade. In contrast, the pattern of regional activation changed depending on the upcoming task regardless of the previous task and the decrease in activation was associated with errors in upcoming antisaccade task. These results suggest that the effective connectivity examined by FEF stimulation reflects a residual functional state of the network involved in performance of controlled antisaccade and its persistence may account for the behavioral slowing on the subsequent trial.

Stimulation of the frontal eye field reveals persistent effective connectivity after controlled behavior.

Human altruism shaped our evolutionary history and pervades social and political life. There are, however, enormous individual differences in altruism. Some people are almost completely selfish, while others display strong altruism, and the factors behind this heterogeneity are only poorly understood. We examine the neuroanatomical basis of these differences with voxel-based morphometry and show that gray matter (GM) volume in the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is strongly associated with both individuals' altruism and the individual-specific conditions under which this brain region is recruited during altruistic decision making. Thus, individual differences in GM volume in TPJ not only translate into individual differences in the general propensity to behave altruistically, but they also create a link between brain structure and brain function by indicating the conditions under which individuals are likely to recruit this region when they face a conflict between altruistic and selfish acts.

Linking brain structure and activation in temporoparietal junction to explain the neurobiology of human altruism.

There are relevant links between resting-state fMRI networks, EEG microstate classes and psychopathological alterations in mental disorders associated with frontal lobe dysfunction. We hypothesized that a certain microstate class, labeled C and correlated with the salience network, was impaired early in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and that microstate class D, correlated with the frontoparietal network, was impaired in schizophrenia.

EEG microstates associated with salience and frontoparietal networks in frontotemporal dementia, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.

Neural correlates have been described for emotions evoked by states of homeostatic imbalance (e.g. thirst, hunger, and breathlessness) and for emotions induced by external sensory stimulation (such as fear and disgust). However, the neurobiological mechanisms of their interaction, when they are experienced simultaneously, are still unknown. We investigated the interaction on the neurobiological and the perceptional level using subjective ratings, serum parameters, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a situation of emotional rivalry, when both a homeostatic and a sensory-evoked emotion were experienced at the same time. Twenty highly dehydrated male subjects rated a disgusting odor as significantly less repulsive when they were thirsty. On the neurobiological level, we found that this reduction in subjective disgust during thirst was accompanied by a significantly reduced neural activity in the insular cortex, a brain area known to be considerably involved in processing of disgust. Furthermore, during the experience of disgust in the satiated condition, we observed a significant functional connectivity between brain areas responding to the disgusting odor, which was absent during the stimulation in the thirsty condition. These results suggest interference of conflicting emotions: an acute homeostatic imbalance can attenuate the experience of another emotion evoked by the sensory perception of a potentially harmful external agent. This finding offers novel insights with regard to the behavioral relevance of biologically different types of emotions, indicating that some types of emotions are more imperative for behavior than others. As a general principle, this modulatory effect during the conflict of homeostatic and sensory-evoked emotions may function to safeguard survival.

Rivalry of homeostatic and sensory-evoked emotions: Dehydration attenuates olfactory disgust and its neural correlates.

Microstates (MS), the fingerprints of the momentarily and time-varying states of the brain derived from electroencephalography (EEG), are associated with the resting state networks (RSNs). However, using MS fluctuations along different EEG frequency bands to model the functional MRI (fMRI) signal has not been investigated so far, or elucidated the role of the thalamus as a fundamental gateway and a putative key structure in cortical functional networks. Therefore, in the current study, we used MS predictors in standard frequency bands to predict blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations. We discovered that multivariate modeling of BOLD-fMRI using six EEG-MS classes in eight frequency bands strongly correlated with thalamic areas and large-scale cortical networks. Thalamic nuclei exhibited distinct patterns of correlations for individual MS that were associated with specific EEG frequency bands. Anterior and ventral thalamic nuclei were sensitive to the beta frequency band, medial nuclei were sensitive to both alpha and beta frequency bands, and posterior nuclei such as the pulvinar were sensitive to delta and theta frequency bands. These results demonstrate that EEG-MS informed fMRI can elucidate thalamic activity not directly observable by EEG, which may be highly relevant to understand the rapid formation of thalamocortical networks.

Discovering frequency sensitive thalamic nuclei from EEG microstate informed resting state fMRI.

People make numerous decisions every day including perceptual decisions such as walking through a crowd, decisions over primary rewards such as what to eat, and social decisions that require balancing own and others' benefits. The unifying principles behind choices in various domains are, however, still not well understood. Mathematical models that describe choice behavior in specific contexts have provided important insights into the computations that may underlie decision making in the brain. However, a critical and largely unanswered question is whether these models generalize from one choice context to another. Here we show that a model adapted from the perceptual decision-making domain and estimated on choices over food rewards accurately predicts choices and reaction times in four independent sets of subjects making social decisions. The robustness of the model across domains provides behavioral evidence for a common decision-making process in perceptual, primary reward, and social decision making.

Article	Year
OFF-cholinergic-pathway-selective localization of P2X2 purinoceptors in the mouse retina. The Journal of comparative neurology\| PubMed ID: 15236470	2004
Enhanced cocaine responsiveness and impaired motor coordination in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 knockout mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 15753323	2005
Neuronal depolarization controls brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced upregulation of NR2C NMDA receptor via calcineurin signaling. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 16221864	2005
Characterization of voltage-gated ionic channels in cholinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina. Journal of neurophysiology\| PubMed ID: 17428902	2007
Effect of combined humanPTH(1-34) and calcitonin treatment in ovariectomized rats. Bone\| PubMed ID: 17707708	2007
Task-specific signal transmission from prefrontal cortex in visual selective attention. Nature neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 19098905	2009
Reactive mechanism of cognitive control system. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)\| PubMed ID: 20154012	2010
Stimulation of the frontal eye field reveals persistent effective connectivity after controlled behavior. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 20335465	2010
Linking brain structure and activation in temporoparietal junction to explain the neurobiology of human altruism. Neuron\| PubMed ID: 22794262	2012
EEG microstates associated with salience and frontoparietal networks in frontotemporal dementia, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology\| PubMed ID: 23403263	2013
Rivalry of homeostatic and sensory-evoked emotions: Dehydration attenuates olfactory disgust and its neural correlates. NeuroImage\| PubMed ID: 25818686	2015
Discovering frequency sensitive thalamic nuclei from EEG microstate informed resting state fMRI. NeuroImage\| PubMed ID: 26052082	2015
A Common Mechanism Underlying Food Choice and Social Decisions. PLoS computational biology\| PubMed ID: 26460812	2015

Yosuke Morishima

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