electroactive-polymer-nanoparticles-exhibiting-photothermal-properties

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...

Texas State University

The increasing power of placebos in trials of antidepressants.

Irvin and Brandon (Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2, 79-84, 2000) reported a significant decline in reported abstinence rates between 1977 and 1996 from clinical trials of cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation treatments based on coping skills training. The present study extends that approach to the analysis of pharmacotherapy trials. A literature search identified 59 studies, published between 1983 and 2000 and conducted in the U.S., that reported post-cessation abstinence rates after treatment with nicotine gum, nicotine patch or any type of placebo medication. Across all three types of treatment conditions and four post-cessation assessment points, negative correlations between publication year and abstinence rates were found. The strongest pattern of negative correlations was found for the placebo conditions. However, the correlations for placebo conditions could be accounted for by the simultaneous shift toward treatments offered in individual rather than group format. No other methodological or subject variable appeared to mediate the declining outcomes. Findings are discussed with respect to the theory that the population of remaining smokers is becoming progressively more dependent and difficult to treat.

The increasing recalcitrance of smokers in clinical trials II: Pharmacotherapy trials.

R. Eisenberger's (1992) learned industriousness theory states that individuals display differing degrees of persistence depending on their history of reinforcement for effortful behavior. These differences may influence the development, maintenance, and cessation of addictive behaviors. In cross-sectional studies, E. P. Quinn, T. H. Brandon, and A. L. Copeland (1996) found that cigarette smokers were less persistent than nonsmokers, and R. A. Brown, C. W. Lejuez, C. W. Kahler, and D. R. Strong (2002) found that smokers who had previously abstained for 3 months were more persistent than those who had never quit. The present study extended these findings by using a prospective design. A pretreatment measure of task persistence (mirror tracing) completed by 144 smokers predicted sustained abstinence throughout 12 months of follow-up. Moreover, persistence predicted outcome independent of other significant predictors: gender, nicotine dependence, negative affect, and self-efficacy.

Pretreatment task persistence predicts smoking cessation outcome.

This paper is part of a series that has the goal of identifying potential approaches toward developing new instruments for assessing tobacco dependence among adolescents. The fundamental assumption underlying the series is that contemporary theories of drug dependence offer a rich source of opportunities for the development of theoretically based assessment tools. The present paper focuses on cognitive and social-learning models of drug dependence and the implications of these models for novel assessment instruments. In particular, the paper focuses on Mark Goldman's model of drug expectancies, Albert Bandura's model of self-efficacy, Thomas Wills's model of stress and coping and Stephen Tiffany's cognitive-processing model of drug urges and cravings. In addition to traditional self-report measures, naturalistic and laboratory-based assessments are identified that may yield information relevant to multi-dimensional measurement of tobacco dependence.

Cognitive and social learning models of drug dependence: implications for the assessment of tobacco dependence in adolescents.

&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x7981;&#x7159;&#x306E;&#x5F37;&#x529B;&#x306A;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x56E0;&#x5B50;&#x3068;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x8B58;&#x5225;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3001;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x306A;&#x4EBA;&#x3005; &#x306E; 2010 &#x5E74;&#x76EE;&#x6A19;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x683C;&#x5DEE;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x306B;&#x8D77;&#x56E0;&#x306E;&#x9664;&#x53BB;&#x304C;&#x542B;&#x307E;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

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&#xAC74;&#xAC15; &#xD55C; &#xC0AC;&#xB78C;&#xB4E4; 2010 &#xBAA9;&#xD45C; &#xB4F1; &#xBCF4;&#xAC74; &#xBD88;&#xADE0;&#xD615; &#xAD50;&#xC721;&#xC5D0; &#xAE30;&#xC778;&#xC758; &#xC81C;&#xAC70;&#xC640; &#xAD50;&#xC721; &#xAE08;&#xC5F0; &#xAECC;&#xC758; &#xAC15;&#xB825;&#xD55C; sociodemographic &#xC608;&#xCE21;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xBC1C;&#xACAC; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xBB34;&#xC2A8; &#xD611;&#xD68C; &#xAD50;&#xC721; &#xBC0F; &#xAE08;&#xC5F0;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xACC4;&#xC815;?

Educaci&oacute;n se ha identificado como sociodemogr&aacute;ficas potente predictor de dejar de fumar y las metas de 2010 de personas saludables incluyen la eliminaci&oacute;n de las disparidades de salud atribuibles a la educaci&oacute;n.

&iquest;C&oacute;mo se explica la Asociaci&oacute;n de educaci&oacute;n y dejar de fumar?

&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x5DF2;&#x88AB;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x4E3A;&#x6212;&#x70DF;&#x70C8;&#x6027;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x548C;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x4EBA;&#x6C11; 2010&#x5E74;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x6D88;&#x9664;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x5DEE;&#x5F02;&#x5F52;&#x56E0;&#x4E8E;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x3002;

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Education has been identified as a potent sociodemographic predictor of smoking cessation and the Healthy People 2010 goals include the elimination of health disparities attributable to education.

What accounts for the association of education and smoking cessation?

L&#39;&eacute;ducation a &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;e comme un pr&eacute;dicteur puissant sociod&eacute;mographique du renoncement au tabagisme et les objectifs de Healthy People 2010 comprennent l&#39;&eacute;limination des disparit&eacute;s de sant&eacute; attribuables &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;ducation.

Comment expliquer l&#39;association de l&#39;&eacute;ducation et de cesser de fumer ?

Wie erkl&#xE4;rt sich der Verband Bildung und Raucherentw&#xF6;hnung?

Educazione &egrave; stato identificato come un preannunciatore potente sociodemografici di smettere di fumare e gli obiettivi del 2010 persone sane includono l&#39;eliminazione delle disparit&agrave; di salute attribuibile all&#39;istruzione.

Che cosa rappresenta per l&#39;associazione di educazione e di smettere di fumare?

Numeracy and medicine: key family physician attitudes about communicating probability with patients.

&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x5BA1;&#x67E5;&#x4E86;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x4E0E;&#x5438;&#x70DF;&#x72B6;&#x51B5;&#x4E2D;&#x4EE5;&#x793E;&#x533A;&#x4E3A;&#x57FA;&#x7840;&#x7684;&#x5728;&#x804C;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x5F97;&#x514B;&#x8428;&#x65AF;&#x5927;&#x5B66; M.D.&#x5B89;&#x5FB7;&#x68EE;&#x764C;&#x75C7;&#x4E2D;&#x5FC3;&#x7AD9;&#x70B9;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#x73B0;&#x573A;&#x7684;&#x764C;&#x75C7;&#x98CE;&#x9669;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x5E72;&#x9884;&#x62DB;&#x6536;&#x5B66;&#x5458;&#x4E86;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x5438;&#x70DF;&#x72B6;&#x51B5;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5F3A;&#x6709;&#x529B;&#x7684;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x6E10;&#x53D8;&#x3002;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x5438;&#x70DF;&#x7684;&#x6D41;&#x884C;&#x4E86;&#x8FD1;&#x4E09;&#x500D;&#x9AD8;&#x4E0E;&#x4E2A;&#x4EBA;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4; &lt; HS &#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x6BD4;&#x4E2A;&#x4EBA;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x81F3;&#x5C11;&#x5927;&#x5B66;&#x5B66;&#x4F4D; &#xFF08;37%&#x548C; 14%&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x4E0E;&#x4E2A;&#x4EBA;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x4ECE;&#x4E0D;&#x5438;&#x70DF;&#x8005;&#x7684;&#x767E;&#x5206;&#x6BD4; &lt; HS &#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x662F;&#x5C11;&#x4E8E;&#x4E00;&#x534A;&#x7684;&#x4E2A;&#x4EBA;&#x4E0E;&#x81F3;&#x5C11;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5927;&#x5B66;&#x5B66;&#x4F4D; &#xFF08;29%&#x548C; 60%&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x6E10;&#x53D8;&#x4E2D;&#x5438;&#x70DF;&#x72B6;&#x51B5;&#x662F;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x5F3A;&#x5927;&#x548C;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x7684;&#x72EC;&#x7279;&#x8D21;&#x732E;&#x4E4B;&#x5916;&#x7684;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#xFF0C;&#x4F5C;&#x4E1A;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#xFF0C;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x5438;&#x70DF;&#x72B6;&#x51B5;&#x7684;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x548C;&#x4F5C;&#x4E1A;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x7279;&#x5F81;&#x3002;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x6B64;&#x534F;&#x4F1A;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x9AD8;&#x98CE;&#x9669;&#x5B50;&#x7FA4;&#x7684;&#x4E2A;&#x4EBA;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x8F83;&#x4F4E;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x672C;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x6709;&#x52A9;&#x4E8E;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x5438;&#x70DF;&#x72B6;&#x51B5;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x6E10;&#x53D8;&#x548C;&#x503C;&#x5F97;&#x8FDB;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x52A0;&#x4EE5;&#x91CD;&#x89C6;&#x3002;

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The current study examined the association between education level and smoking status in a community-based sample of working adults. Participants were enrolled at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center site of a cancer risk behavior reduction intervention delivered at the worksite. There was a strong educational gradient in smoking status. The prevalence of current smoking was almost threefold higher among individuals with <HS degree than among individuals with at least a college degree (37% versus 14%), while the percentage of never smokers among individuals with <HS degree was less than half that of individuals with at least a college degree (29% versus 60%). The educational gradient in smoking status was extremely robust and education uniquely contributed to the prediction of smoking status over and above the effects of demographics, job status, and job related characteristics. Identifying the mechanisms underlying this association as well as high risk subgroups of individuals with low education could contribute to reducing the educational gradient in smoking status and warrants further research attention.

Understanding the associations among education, employment characteristics, and smoking.

La pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude a examin&eacute; l&#39;association entre le niveau de scolarit&eacute; et l&#39;usage du tabac dans un &eacute;chantillon communautaire des travailleurs adultes. Les participants &eacute;taient inscrits sur le site de l&#39;Universit&eacute; du Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center d&#39;une intervention de r&eacute;duction de comportement risque de cancer livr&eacute; sur le chantier. Il y avait un fort gradient de l&#39;&eacute;ducation dans l&#39;usage du tabac. La pr&eacute;valence du tabagisme actuel &eacute;tait presque trois fois plus &eacute;lev&eacute; chez les personnes atteintes &lt; degr&eacute; HS que chez les personnes au moins un dipl&ocirc;me d&#39;&eacute;tudes coll&eacute;giales (37 % contre 14 %), tandis que le pourcentage de n&#39;ayant jamais fum&eacute; chez les personnes atteintes &lt; HS &eacute;tait moins de la moiti&eacute; celui des individus au moins un dipl&ocirc;me d&#39;&eacute;tudes coll&eacute;giales (29 % contre 60 %). Le gradient de l&#39;&eacute;ducation dans l&#39;usage du tabac &eacute;tait extr&ecirc;mement robuste et &eacute;ducation uniquement contribu&eacute; &agrave; la pr&eacute;diction du tabagisme en sus les effets de la d&eacute;mographie, statut d&#39;emploi, et caract&eacute;ristiques li&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;emploi. Identifier les m&eacute;canismes sous-jacents &agrave; cette association, mais aussi les sous-groupes d&#39;un risque &eacute;lev&eacute; de personnes avec faible niveau de scolarit&eacute; pourrait contribuer &agrave; r&eacute;duire le gradient p&eacute;dagogique &agrave; l&#39;usage du tabac et garantit davantage attention des chercheurs.

Comprendre les associations entre &eacute;ducation, caract&eacute;ristiques de l&#39;emploi et le tabagisme.

Das Verst&#xE4;ndnis der Assoziationen zwischen Bildung, Besch&#xE4;ftigung Eigenschaften und Rauchen.

L&#39;attuale studio ha esaminato l&#39;associazione tra il livello di istruzione e status di fumare in un campione basato sulla comunit&agrave; di adulti lavoranti. I partecipanti sono stati arruolati presso il sito della University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center di un intervento di riduzione di cancro rischio comportamento consegnato presso il cantiere. C&#39;era un forte gradiente educativo nello stato di fumatori. La prevalenza di fumatori corrente era quasi tre volte superiore tra gli individui con &lt; grado HS rispetto tra gli individui con almeno un diploma di laurea (37% contro il 14%), mentre la percentuale di non fumatori tra individui con &lt; HS grado era meno della met&agrave; che gli individui con almeno un diploma di laurea (29% contro il 60%). Il gradiente educativo nello stato di fumatori era estremamente robusto ed educazione hanno contribuito in modo univoco alla previsione dello status di fumare oltre gli effetti della demografia, lo stato del processo, e lavoro relative caratteristiche. Identificare i meccanismi alla base di questa associazione, cos&igrave; come i sottogruppi ad alto rischio di individui con basso livello di istruzione potrebbe contribuire a ridurre il gradiente educativo nello stato di fumatori e garantisce ulteriore ricerca di attenzione.

Comprendere le associazioni tra istruzione, caratteristiche dell&#39;occupazione e il fumo.

&#x73FE;&#x5728;&#x306E;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x30EC;&#x30D9;&#x30EB;&#x3068;&#x55AB;&#x7159;&#x72B6;&#x6CC1;&#x3067;&#x50CD;&#x304F;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x30B3;&#x30DF;&#x30E5;&#x30CB;&#x30C6;&#x30A3; &#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x30EB;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x306B;&#x3064;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x691C;&#x8A0E;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x53C2;&#x52A0;&#x8005;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x73FE;&#x5834;&#x3067;&#x914D;&#x4FE1;&#x304C;&#x3093;&#x30EA;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x884C;&#x52D5;&#x524A;&#x6E1B;&#x4ECB;&#x5165;&#x306E;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30B9;&#x5927;&#x5B66; MD &#x30A2;&#x30F3;&#x30C0;&#x30FC;&#x30BD;&#x30F3;&#x304C;&#x3093;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30BF;&#x30FC; &#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30C8;&#x3067;&#x5728;&#x7C4D;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x55AB;&#x7159;&#x306E;&#x72B6;&#x614B;&#x3067;&#x5F37;&#x3044;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x52FE;&#x914D;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x73FE;&#x5728;&#x55AB;&#x7159;&#x306E;&#x6709;&#x75C5;&#x7387;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x3068;&#x500B;&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x9593;&#x3067;&#x307B;&#x307C; 3 &#x500D;&#x3060;&#x3063;&#x305F; &lt; HS &#x3088;&#x308A;&#x3082;&#x500B;&#x4F53;&#x9593;&#x5C11;&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3068;&#x3082;&#x306F;&#x5927;&#x5B66;&#x306E;&#x5B66;&#x4F4D; &#xFF08;37 &#xFF05;&#xFF09; &#x5BFE; 14 &#xFF05; &#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6C7A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x55AB;&#x7159;&#x8005;&#x306E;&#x500B;&#x4EBA;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x5272;&#x5408;&#x4E2D;&#x5EA6; &lt; HS &#x5EA6;&#x534A;&#x5206;&#x672A;&#x6E80;&#x3060;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x5C11;&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3068;&#x3082;&#x306F;&#x5927;&#x5B66;&#x306E;&#x5B66;&#x4F4D; &#xFF08;60 &#xFF05; &#x5BFE; 29 &#xFF05;) &#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x500B;&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x3002;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30C7;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x55AB;&#x7159;&#x72B6;&#x6CC1;&#x3067;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x306B;&#x5805;&#x7262;&#x306A;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4E00;&#x610F;&#x306B;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x7D71;&#x8A08;&#x60C5;&#x5831;&#x3001;&#x30B8;&#x30E7;&#x30D6;&#x306E;&#x72B6;&#x614B;&#x306E;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x306E;&#x55AB;&#x7159;&#x72B6;&#x6CC1;&#x306E;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x306B;&#x8CA2;&#x732E;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x30B8;&#x30E7;&#x30D6;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x306E;&#x7279;&#x6027;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x9AD8;&#x30EA;&#x30B9;&#x30AF; &#x30B5;&#x30D6;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x4F4E;&#x5B66;&#x6B74;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x500B;&#x4EBA;&#x306E;&#x3068;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x5354;&#x4F1A;&#x306E;&#x57FA;&#x306B;&#x306A;&#x308B;&#x30E1;&#x30AB;&#x30CB;&#x30BA;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x8B58;&#x5225;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x55AB;&#x7159;&#x72B6;&#x6CC1;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x6559;&#x80B2;&#x306E;&#x52FE;&#x914D;&#x306E;&#x524A;&#x6E1B;&#x306B;&#x8CA2;&#x732E;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x308B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x3055;&#x3089;&#x306B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x3092;&#x4FDD;&#x8A3C;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

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&#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; &#xAD50;&#xC721; &#xC218;&#xC900; &#xBC0F; &#xC791;&#xC5C5; &#xC131;&#xC778; &#xCEE4;&#xBBA4;&#xB2C8;&#xD2F0; &#xAE30;&#xBC18; &#xC0D8;&#xD50C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xD761;&#xC5F0; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC; &#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xACB0;. &#xCC38;&#xAC00;&#xC790;&#xB294; &#xD604;&#xC7A5;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC554; &#xC704;&#xD5D8; &#xD589;&#xB3D9; &#xAC10;&#xC18C; &#xAC1C;&#xC785;&#xC758; &#xD14D;&#xC0AC;&#xC2A4; &#xB300;&#xD559; MD &#xC564;&#xB354;&#xC2A8; &#xC554; &#xC13C;&#xD130; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD2B8;&#xC5D0; &#xB4F1;&#xB85D; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xD761;&#xC5F0; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC15;&#xB825;&#xD55C; &#xAD50;&#xC721; &#xADF8;&#xB77C;&#xB370;&#xC774;&#xC158;&#xC774; &#xC788;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xD761;&#xC5F0;&#xC758; &#xBCF4;&#xAE09;&#xC740; &#xAC1C;&#xC778; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC70;&#xC758; &#xC0BC; &#xBC30; &#xB192;&#xC740; &lt;&#xC640; &#xAC1C;&#xC778; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC808;&#xB300; &#xD761;&#xC5F0; &#xC790; &#xBE44;&#xC728; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC801;&#xC5B4;&#xB3C4; &#xB300;&#xD559; &#xD559;&#xC704; (14% &#xB300; 37%), &#xAC1C;&#xC778; &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; HS &#xD559;&#xC704; &lt; HS &#xD559;&#xC704;&#xB294; &#xC808;&#xBC18; &#xC774;&#xC0C1; &#xB300;&#xD559; &#xD559;&#xC704; 60% &#xB300; (29%)&#xC640; &#xAC1C;&#xC778;&#xC758;. &#xD761;&#xC5F0; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD50;&#xC721; &#xADF8;&#xB77C;&#xB514;&#xC5B8;&#xD2B8;&#xB294; &#xB9E4;&#xC6B0; &#xAC15;&#xB825;&#xD55C; &#xAD50;&#xC721; &#xC720;&#xC77C; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xC778;&#xAD6C; &#xD1B5;&#xACC4;, &#xC791;&#xC5C5; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC;, &#xD6A8;&#xACFC; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xB3C4; &#xD761;&#xC5F0; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC; &#xC608;&#xCE21;&#xC5D0; &#xAE30;&#xC5EC; &#xBC0F; &#xC9C1;&#xC5C5; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xD2B9;&#xC131;. &#xD761;&#xC5F0; &#xC0C1;&#xD0DC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD50;&#xC721; &#xADF8;&#xB77C;&#xB370;&#xC774;&#xC158; &#xAC10;&#xC18C;&#xC5D0; &#xAE30;&#xC5EC;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294;&#xC774; &#xD611;&#xD68C; &#xBFD0;&#xB9CC; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C; &#xB0AE;&#xC740; &#xAD50;&#xC721;&#xC640; &#xAC1C;&#xC778;&#xC758; &#xC704;&#xD5D8;&#xC774; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xD558;&#xC704; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC744; &#xAE30;&#xBCF8; &#xBA54;&#xCEE4;&#xB2C8;&#xC998;&#xC744; &#xC2DD;&#xBCC4; &#xBC0F; &#xCD94;&#xAC00; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xAD00;&#xC2EC;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC99D;.

&#xAD50;&#xC721;, &#xACE0;&#xC6A9; &#xD2B9;&#xC131;&#xACFC; &#xD761;&#xC5F0; &#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xAD00; &#xAD00;&#xACC4;&#xB97C; &#xC774;&#xD574; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

El presente estudio examin&oacute; la asociaci&oacute;n entre nivel educativo y estatus de tabaquismo en una muestra basada en la comunidad de adultos que trabajan. Los participantes se inscribieron en el sitio de la Universidad de Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center de una intervenci&oacute;n de reducci&oacute;n de comportamiento de riesgo de c&aacute;ncer entregado en el lugar de trabajo. Hubo un fuerte gradiente educativo en estatus de tabaquismo. La prevalencia de tabaquismo actual fue casi triple superior entre individuos con &lt; grado HS que entre individuos con al menos un t&iacute;tulo universitario (37% frente al 14%), mientras que el porcentaje de fumadores nunca entre individuos con &lt; HS grado fue menos de la mitad de personas con al menos un t&iacute;tulo universitario (29% versus 60%). El gradiente educativo en estatus de tabaquismo fue extremadamente robusto y educaci&oacute;n &uacute;nicamente contribuy&oacute; a la predicci&oacute;n del estatus de tabaquismo m&aacute;s all&aacute; de los efectos de la demograf&iacute;a, estado del trabajo, y trabajo relacionado con las caracter&iacute;sticas. Identificar los mecanismos subyacentes a esta asociaci&oacute;n como subgrupos de alto riesgo de los individuos con baja educaci&oacute;n podr&iacute;a contribuir a reducir el gradiente educativo en estatus de tabaquismo y requiere m&aacute;s atenci&oacute;n de la investigaci&oacute;n.

Entender las asociaciones entre la educaci&oacute;n, las caracter&iacute;sticas del empleo y el cigarrillo.

Problem behavior is common in early childhood special education classrooms. Functional communication training (FCT; Carr & Durand, 1985) may reduce problem behavior but requires identification of its function. The trial-based functional analysis (FA) is a method that can be used to identify problem behavior function in schools. We conducted trial-based FAs and FCT with 3 children in an early childhood special education setting. All trial-based FAs resulted in identification of behavioral functions, and subsequent FCT led to reductions in problem behavior and increases in communication.

Trial-based functional analysis and functional communication training in an early childhood setting.

Significant research has focused on investigating the potential of hydrogels in various applications and, in particular, in medicine. Specifically, hydrogels that are biodegradable lend promise to many therapeutic and biosensing applications. Endonucleases are critical for mechanisms of DNA repair. However, they are also known to be overexpressed in cancer and to be present in wounds with bacterial contamination. In this work, we set out to demonstrate the preparation of DNA-enabled hydrogels that could be degraded by nucleases. Specifically, hydrogels were prepared through the reaction of dibenzocyclooctyne-functionalized multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) with azide-functionalized single-stranded DNA in aqueous solutions via copper-free click chemistry. Through the use of this method, biodegradable hydrogels were formed at room temperature in buffered saline solutions that mimic physiological conditions, avoiding possible harmful effects associated with other polymerization techniques that can be detrimental to cells or other bioactive molecules. The degradation of these DNA-cross-linked hydrogels upon exposure to the model endonucleases Benzonase(®) and DNase I was studied. In addition, the ability of the hydrogels to act as depots for encapsulation and nuclease-controlled release of a model protein was demonstrated. This model has the potential to be tailored and expanded upon for use in a variety of applications where mild hydrogel preparation techniques and controlled material degradation are necessary including in drug delivery and wound healing systems.

Article	Year
The increasing power of placebos in trials of antidepressants. JAMA\| PubMed ID: 12132969	2002
The increasing recalcitrance of smokers in clinical trials II: Pharmacotherapy trials. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco\| PubMed ID: 12745504	2003
Pretreatment task persistence predicts smoking cessation outcome. Journal of abnormal psychology\| PubMed ID: 12943023	2003
Cognitive and social learning models of drug dependence: implications for the assessment of tobacco dependence in adolescents. Addiction (Abingdon, England)\| PubMed ID: 15128380	2004
What accounts for the association of education and smoking cessation? Preventive medicine\| PubMed ID: 15530598	2005
Numeracy and medicine: key family physician attitudes about communicating probability with patients. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice\| PubMed ID: 15575041	2004
Understanding the associations among education, employment characteristics, and smoking. Addictive behaviors\| PubMed ID: 15893088	2005
Trial-based functional analysis and functional communication training in an early childhood setting. Journal of applied behavior analysis\| PubMed ID: 23060670	2012
Biodegradable DNA-enabled poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels prepared by copper-free click chemistry. Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition\| PubMed ID: 26541212	2016

Jennifer Irvin

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