three-dimensional-alginate-bead-culture-human-pituitary-adenoma

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells

A three-dimensional culture method is described in which primary pituitary adenoma cells are grown in alginate beads. Alginate is a polymer derived from ...

Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN)

The rat anterior pituitary gland undergoes changes in its cyto-architecture during the second and third weeks of postnatal life. However, little is known about the factors that regulate these tissue conformational changes. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) is one of the growth factors that are synthesized by the pituitary gland, and almost all of the pituitary cells have EGF receptors (EGFR). In addition to the effects of the EGF on mitosis and differentiation, this growth factor can modulate cell adhesion, cell migration, and cytoskeletal organization. In this study we focussed our attention in examining the effects of EGF on the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix and on the actin cytoskeletal arrangement of pituitary cells from infantile and adult rats. Our results show that in infantile cells the EGF induces cell adhesion with increase in cell surface area. The arrangement of actin-F in infantile EGF-treated cells was in stress fibers and vinculin acquired a striped shape at the membrane border, suggesting the assembly of focal adhesion contacts. In contrast, in adult pituitary cells EGF does not induce any change in cell adhesion, and the cells maintain a rounded shape with an arrangement of actin-F in thin cortical bands even though, immuno-localization of the EGFR was observed in adult cells cultured in defined medium. We also looked for the EGFR in membrane preparations from infantile and adult pituitaries, and a marked difference in membrane EGFR was observed between them, the infantile pituitaries showing a significantly higher amount. Our results suggest that in infantile cells EGF induces the assembly of focal adhesion contacts, and that in adult cells the receptor of this growth factor is uncoupled of the signaling pathway by which a rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton occurs.

Epidermal growth factor induces an increase in cell adhesion and an arrangement of actin skeleton in stress fibres in pituitary cultured cells from infantile rats but not adult rats.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces changes in cell morphology, actin cytoskeleton, and adhesion processes in cultured infantile pituitary cells. The extracellular matrix, through integrin engagement, collaborates with growth factors in cell signaling. We have examined the participation of collagen I/III and collagen plus fibronectin in the EGF response of infantile pituitary cells with respect to their cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton. As a comparison, we have used poly-lysine as a substrate. Infantile cells elicit the EGF response when they are associated with extracellular matrix proteins, but no response can be obtained with poly-lysine as the substrate. Cells acquire a flattened shape and organize their actin filaments and vinculin as in focal adhesions. Because the EGF receptor (EGFR) is linked to the actin cytoskeleton in other cells structuring a microdomain in cell signaling, we have investigated this association and substrate adhesion participation in infantile pituitary cells. The proportion of EGFR associated with the actin cytoskeleton is approximately 31%; no difference has been observed between the substrates used. Cells in suspension show actin-associated EGFR, suggesting an association independent of cell adhesion. However, no colocalization of EGFRs with actin fibers has been observed, suggesting an indirect association. Compared with beta(1)-integrin, which is linked to actin fibers through structural proteins, EGFR binds more strongly with the actin cytoskeleton. This study thus shows cell adhesion dependence on the EGF effect in the actin cytoskeleton arrangement; this is probably favored by the actin fiber/EGFR association that facilitates the cell signaling pathways for actin cytoskeleton organization in infantile pituitary cells.

Role of extracellular matrix-cell interaction and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on EGF-receptors and actin cytoskeleton arrangement in infantile pituitary cells.

Ether à go-go (EAG) potassium channels possess oncogenic properties and have gained great interest as research tools for cancer detection and therapy. Besides, EAG electrophysiological properties are regulated through the cell cycle and determined by cytoskeletal interactions. Thus, because of the pivotal role of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeleton in cancer progression, we studied the effect of ECM components on adhesion, viability, actin organization and EAG currents in wild-type CHO cells (CHO-wt) and cells expressing human EAG channels (CHO-hEAG). At short incubation times, adhesion and viability of CHO-hEAG cells grown on collagen, heparin or poly-lysine were lower than CHO-wt cells, however, only CHO-hEAG sustained growing under total serum starvation. CHO-hEAG cells grown on poly-lysine did not organize their cytoskeleton but when grown on collagen or fibronectin displayed lamellipodia and stress fibers, respectively. Interestingly, EAG expressing cells displayed special actin structures suggesting a dynamic actin cytoskeleton, such structures were not exhibited by wild-type cells. EAG current density was significantly lower in cells grown on collagen at short incubation times. Finally, we studied potential associations between hEAG channels and integrins or actin filaments by confocal microscopy. No association between beta1-integrins and hEAG channels was found, however, a very strong co-localization was observed between hEAG channels and actin filaments, supported by immunoblot experiments in which hEAG channels were found in the insoluble fraction (associated to cytoskeleton). Our results suggest ECM components as potential modulators of oncogenic human-EAG expressing cells and emphasize the relationship between potassium channels, cytoskeleton, ECM and cancer.

Effect of extracellular matrix on adhesion, viability, actin cytoskeleton and K+ currents of cells expressing human ether à go-go channels.

The adaptation of GH(3) cells to different microenvironments is a consequence of a partial compromise with the tumor phenotype. A collagen type IV enriched microenvironment favors an invasive phenotype and increases the substrate adhesion capacity, whereas it decreases the phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain and the aggregation capacity. In contrast, the higher internal tension and increased aggregation capacity induced by collagen type I/III are factors that reduce the invasion rate. Our results show, for the first time, the importance of collagen subtypes in determining the migratory strategy: collagen I/III favors mesenchymal-like motility, whereas collagen type IV induces an ameboid-type displacement. The reciprocal modulation of the myosin light chain kinase and the Rho-kinase determines the invasive capacity through changes in tissue cohesion, extracellular matrix affinity, regulatory myosin light chain phosphorylation and spatial distribution. The collagen subtype determines which of the mechano-transduction signaling pathways will regulate the tensional homeostasis and affect the invasion ability as well as the preferred migration strategy of the cells.

The invasion mode of GH(3) cells is conditioned by collagen subtype, and its efficiency depends on cell-cell adhesion.

Pituitary adenomas can invade surrounded tissue, but the mechanism remains elusive. Ether à go-go-1 (Eag1) potassium channel and epidermal growth factor receptors (ErbB1 and ErbB2) have been associated to invasive phenotypes or poor prognosis in cancer patients. However, cells arrange their cytoskeleton in order to acquire a successful migration pattern. We have studied ErbBs and Eag1 expression, and cytoskeleton arrangements in 11 human pituitary adenomas. Eag1, ErbB1 and ErbB2 expression were studied by immunochemistry in tissue and cultured cells. The cytoskeleton arrangement was analyzed in cultured cells by immunofluorescence. Normal pituitary tissue showed ErbB2 expression and Eag1 only in few cells. However, Eag1 and ErbB2 were expressed in all the tumors analyzed. ErbB1 expression was observed variable and did not show specificity for a tumor characteristic. Cultured cells from micro- and macro-adenomas clinically functional organize their cytoskeleton suggesting a mesenchymal pattern, and a round leucocyte/amoeboid pattern from invasive clinically silent adenoma. Pituitary tumors over-express EGF receptors and the ErbB2 repeated expression suggests is a characteristic of adenomas. Eag 1 was express, in different extent, and could be a therapeutic target. The cytoskeleton arrangements observed suggest that pituitary tumor cells acquire different patterns: mesenchymal, and leucocyte/amoeboid, the last observed in the invasive adenomas. Amoeboid migration pattern has been associated with high invasion capacity.

Expression of Eag1 K+ channel and ErbBs in human pituitary adenomas: cytoskeleton arrangement patterns in cultured cells.

Follicle-stellate cells are pituitary non-granular cells that are arranged between secretory cells or organized in follicles with small lumens. Cells from the follicles exhibit the typical phenotype of a transporting epithelium, including apical microvilli with a cilium and tight junctions. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy images show that the tight junctions consist of 5-7 anastomosing strands and that cultured follicle-stellate cells develop a trans-epithelial electrical resistance characteristic of "tight" epithelia. Here, we investigate the molecular composition of the tight junction from follicle stellate cells. We found that the rat anterior pituitary lobe expresses mRNAs for claudins 2, 4 and 5; the proteins of all these claudins are observed in the anterior lobe, whereas the intermediate lobe expresses claudins 2 and 5 and the posterior lobe contains only claudin 5. Follicle-stellate cells, identified by their protein marker S100β, expresses claudin 4 in the apical membrane, in co-localization with dipeptidyl-peptidase and near acetylated β-tubulin. Claudin 4 partially co-localizes with E-cadherin, indicating that a fraction of the protein is located in the basolateral domain. Follicle-stellate-enriched cell cultures develop patches of polygonal cells expressing claudin 4 and E-cadherin, encircled by extensive monolayers of fusiform cells. Claudin 2 stains specifically blood vessels, identified by claudin 5 and VE-cadherin labels. Thus, follicles in the anterior pituitary consist of "tight" epithelia that can carry out intense vectorial transport, together with a high cation movement in blood vessels, possibly related to the ion requirements of excitable secretory cells for hormone secretion.

Anterior and intermediate pituitary tissues express claudin 4 in follicle stellate cells and claudins 2 and 5 in endothelial cells.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences different physiological and pathophysiological aspects of the cell. The ECM consists in a complex network of macromolecules with characteristic biochemical properties that allow cells to sense their environments inducing different signals and changing cell behavior. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the participation of different ECM proteins in cell morphology and its implication on motility, proliferation and hormone secretion in GH3 cells, a tumor pituitary cell. GH3 cells were cultured with a defined medium on collagens I/III and IV, fibronectin and laminin. GH3 cells express α2 integrin subunit de novo. The cells responded to the ECM proteins with differentiated cell surface morphologies and membrane protrusions. A rounded shape with small membrane blebs, weak substrate adhesion and high motility was observed in cells on C I/III and fibronectin, while on C IV and laminin cells were viewed elongated and adhered. Differences on actin cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal-associated vinculin and phospho-MLC showed that ECM proteins determine the cytoskeleton organization. Cell proliferation showed dependency on the ECM protein, observing a higher rate in cells on collagen I/III. Prolactin secretion was higher in cells with small blebs, but an unchangeable response to EGF was obtained with the ECM proteins, suggesting is a consequence of cortical actin arrangement. We ascribe the functional differences of the GH3 cells to the cytoskeletal organization. Overall, the data showed that ECM plays a critical role in GH3 cells modulating different cellular comportment and evidenced the importance of the ECM composition of pituitary adenomas.

GH3 tumor pituitary cell cytoskeleton and plasma membrane arrangement are determined by extracellular matrix proteins: implications on motility, proliferation and hormone secretion.

Article	Year
Epidermal growth factor induces an increase in cell adhesion and an arrangement of actin skeleton in stress fibres in pituitary cultured cells from infantile rats but not adult rats. Journal of cellular physiology\| PubMed ID: 12599211	2003
Role of extracellular matrix-cell interaction and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on EGF-receptors and actin cytoskeleton arrangement in infantile pituitary cells. Cell and tissue research\| PubMed ID: 16941125	2007
Effect of extracellular matrix on adhesion, viability, actin cytoskeleton and K+ currents of cells expressing human ether à go-go channels. Life sciences\| PubMed ID: 17586530	2007
The invasion mode of GH(3) cells is conditioned by collagen subtype, and its efficiency depends on cell-cell adhesion. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics\| PubMed ID: 22982559	2012
Expression of Eag1 K+ channel and ErbBs in human pituitary adenomas: cytoskeleton arrangement patterns in cultured cells. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology\| PubMed ID: 23413122	2013
Anterior and intermediate pituitary tissues express claudin 4 in follicle stellate cells and claudins 2 and 5 in endothelial cells. Cell and tissue research\| PubMed ID: 24760107	2014
GH3 tumor pituitary cell cytoskeleton and plasma membrane arrangement are determined by extracellular matrix proteins: implications on motility, proliferation and hormone secretion. International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology\| PubMed ID: 25057334	2014

Carmen Solano-Agama

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