how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Twenty-two Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used to investigate the effects of organic Zn supplementation of a diet containing a high level of inorganic Zn. Goats were kept in pens, machine milked once a day throughout lactation and fed a diet based on a dehydrated mixture of whole-plant maize and alfalfa ad libitum, alfalfa pellets, barley grain and a concentrate mixture. Treatments were: (1) control, and (2) supplemented with 1 g/d Zn-Methionine (Zn-Met) included in the concentrate mixture. After parturition, goats were blocked in week 3 and dietary treatments were applied until week 23. From weeks 3-20, feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, milk somatic cell count (SCC), and udder health were measured. In week 21, all goats were injected intraperitoneally with 1 g/d DL-methionine for 5 d to establish the effects of methionine under the conditions of udder stress induced by hand milking on the second day. During weeks 22 and 23, diet digestibility, and N and Zn balance were determined. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk contents of total solids, fat, total and true protein, and casein did not differ between treatments, but whey protein and non-protein nitrogen contents were significantly lower for the Zn-Met group. Milk SCC tended to decrease as a result of Zn-Met supplementation but differences between treatments were not significant when halves with persistent infection were excluded. Hand milking increased SCC in both groups, but udders of supplemented goats showed a lower reaction. Apparent absorption of N significantly increased and Zn retention tended to increase in Zn-Met supplemented goats. We conclude that Zn-Met supplementation can enhance resistance to udder stress in dairy goats. Effects were attributed to the organic Zn and not to the methionine component. Zn retention and protein utilization were also improved by the Zn-Met supplement.

Effects of dietary supplements of zinc-methionine on milk production, udder health and zinc metabolism in dairy goats.

Analysis using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was investigated as a means of predicting quality parameters of goat's milk. Calibration equations were developed with samples from individual goats of Malagueña and Murciano-Granadina dairy breeds at different stages of lactation to obtain a wide range of variation in milk composition. Prediction equations for milk fat, protein, casein, total solids, and somatic cell count (SCC) were developed with 2 sample presentations, liquid drawer (homogenized milk) and aluminium cup (unhomogenized milk), to measure absorbance values, and accuracy of measurements was compared. The multiple correlation coefficient (R) values for homogenized milk were 0.98, 0.96, 0.91, 0.94, and 0.79 and for unhomogenized milk were 0.98, 0.95, 0.92, 0.95, and 0.74 for fat, protein, casein, total solid, and SCC, respectively. To validate the calibrations, an independent set of samples was used. The best simple correlation coefficient (r) values were 0.97, 0.95, 0.91, 0.93, and 0.72 for homogenized milk and 0.97, 0.95, 0.92, 0.95, and 0.79 for unhomogenized milk. The study showed that NIRS is a useful technique for the prediction of fat, protein, casein, total solids, and SCC in unhomogenized goat's milk.

Determination of fat, protein, casein, total solids, and somatic cell count in goat's milk by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

Effects of six different milking intervals on the distribution of milk between cistern and alveoli were studied in a randomized, incomplete Latin Square experiment with four lactating Holstein cows. Cisternal and alveolar milk was measured by udder quarter at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24-h intervals with a 3-d interperiod of regular milking. Cisternal milk was evacuated using a cannula after injection of an oxytocin-receptor blocking agent, followed by an injection of oxytocin to remove the alveolar fraction. Milk samples from each fraction and quarter were collected for analysis. Cisternal and alveolar milk increased with milking interval and represented on average 30 and 70% of the milk stored in the udder, respectively. Fat content in alveolar milk remained constant during the first 16 h, increasing rapidly thereafter, reaching its maximum at 24 h (6.95%). Fat content in cisternal milk decreased with milking interval and reached its minimum at 24 h (0.96%). Total fat yield tended to increase for cisternal milk with longer milking intervals, but it increased markedly for alveolar milk, showing that fat globules did not pass freely from alveoli to cistern between milkings. Milk protein content was greater in rear quarters than in front quarters for both milk fractions. Milk protein content increased in the cisternal milk fraction and tended to increase in the alveolar milk fraction with longer milking intervals, but values did not differ between cisternal and alveolar fractions or between front and rear quarters. Total protein yield increased with milking interval in both fractions, indicating that casein micelles passed more freely than fat globules from the alveolar to the cisternal compartment. In conclusion, the short-term effects of milking intervals in milk composition were explained by the changes observed in alveolar and cisternal milk ratio.

Effect of different milking intervals on the composition of cisternal and alveolar milk in dairy cows.

Tiger nut is a tuber used to produce tiger nut milk that yields a high quantity of solid waste, which can be dried and used as fiber source. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the quality of gluten-free bread formulated with different tiger nut-derived products in order to substitute soya flour (which is an allergen ingredient) and, at the same time, increase the use of tiger nut-derived products. Four gluten-free formulations based on corn starch and containing tiger nut milk, tiger nut milk by-product, tiger nut flour, or soya flour (as reference formulation) were studied. Tiger nut milk increased G' of gluten-free batter and rendered breads with the softest crumb (502.46 g ± 102.05), the highest loaf-specific volume (3.35 cm(3)/g ± 0.25), and it was mostly preferred by consumers (61.02%). Breads elaborated with tiger nut flour had similar characteristics than soya flour breads (except in color and crumb structure). The addition of tiger nut milk by-product resulted in a hard (1047.64 g ± 145.74) and dark (L(*)  = 70.02 ± 3.38) crumb bread, which was the least preferred by consumers. Results showed that tiger nut is a promising ingredient to formulate gluten-free baked products.

Effect of tiger nut-derived products in gluten-free batter and bread.

The effect of final baking in convection oven (FBC), microwave oven (FBM), and microwave oven with susceptor packaging material (FBMS) on partially baked (PB) frozen gluten-free bread characteristics was investigated. Specific volume and crust color of loaves were measured at day 0. Bread moisture, water activity, and crumb and crust texture (at 15, 45, and 90 min after baking) were analyzed at day 0 and after 28 d of frozen storage (-18 °C). Volatile compounds from breads baked in convection oven or microwave oven with susceptor packaging material were also evaluated. Bread finally baked in convection oven or in microwave oven with susceptor packaging increased crust browning. Crumb and roll hardness increased with time after final baking (measured at 15, 45, 90 min) and after 28 d of frozen storage. Bread finally baked in microwave oven was the hardest, due to high water losses. At day 0, bread finally baked in convection oven had softer crumb than bread finally baked in microwave oven with susceptor packaging but, after 28 d of frozen storage, there were no differences between them. Moreover, FBC and FBMS rendered gluten-free breads that could not be distinguished in a triangular test and had the same volatile compounds profile. In conclusion, FBMS could be an alternative to FBC.

Article	Year
Effects of dietary supplements of zinc-methionine on milk production, udder health and zinc metabolism in dairy goats. The Journal of dairy research\| PubMed ID: 12617388	2003
Determination of fat, protein, casein, total solids, and somatic cell count in goat's milk by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Journal of AOAC International\| PubMed ID: 14509434	2003
Effect of different milking intervals on the composition of cisternal and alveolar milk in dairy cows. The Journal of dairy research\| PubMed ID: 15354576	2004
Effect of tiger nut-derived products in gluten-free batter and bread. Food science and technology international = Ciencia y tecnología de los alimentos internacional\| PubMed ID: 24854294	2015
Influence of final baking technologies in partially baked frozen gluten-free bread quality. Journal of food science\| PubMed ID: 25656390	2015

Elena Albanell

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