substantiating-appropriate-motion-capture-techniques-for-assessment

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

University of Ottawa

Novel environments often impose directional selection for a new phenotypic optimum. Novel environments, however, can also change the distribution of phenotypes exposed to selection by inducing phenotypic plasticity. Plasticity can produce phenotypes that either align with or oppose the direction of selection. When plasticity and selection are parallel, plasticity is considered adaptive because it provides a better pairing between the phenotype and the environment. If the plastic response is incomplete and falls short of producing the optimum phenotype, synergistic selection can lead to genetic divergence and bring the phenotype closer to the optimum. In contrast, non-adaptive plasticity should increase the strength of selection, because phenotypes will be further from the local optimum, requiring antagonistic selection to overcome the phenotype-environment mismatch and facilitate adaptive divergence. We test these ideas by documenting predator-induced plasticity for resting metabolic rate and growth rate in populations of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) adapted to high and low predation. We find reduced metabolic rates and growth rates when cues from a predator are present during development, a pattern suggestive of adaptive and non-adaptive plasticity, respectively. When we compared populations recently transplanted from a high-predation environment into four streams lacking predators, we found evidence for rapid adaptive evolution both in metabolism and growth rate. We discuss the implications for predicting how traits will respond to selection, depending on the type of plasticity they exhibit.

Predator-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity in Metabolism and Rate of Growth: Rapid Adaptation to a Novel Environment.

Nouveaux environnements imposent souvent une s&eacute;lection directionnelle pour un nouvel optimum ph&eacute;notypique. Nouveaux environnements, cependant, peuvent &eacute;galement modifier la distribution des ph&eacute;notypes expos&eacute;s &agrave; la s&eacute;lection en induisant la plasticit&eacute; ph&eacute;notypique. Plasticit&eacute; peut produire des ph&eacute;notypes qui rallient &agrave; ou s&#39;opposer &agrave; la direction de la s&eacute;lection. Lorsque la plasticit&eacute; et la s&eacute;lection sont parall&egrave;les, la plasticit&eacute; est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme adaptative car il fournit une meilleure liaison entre le ph&eacute;notype et l&#39;environnement. Si la r&eacute;action plastique est incompl&egrave;te et loin de produire le ph&eacute;notype optimal, synergique s&eacute;lection peut conduire &agrave; une divergence g&eacute;n&eacute;tique et apporter le ph&eacute;notype plus pr&egrave;s de l&#39;optimum. En revanche, plasticit&eacute; non-adaptatifs devrait augmenter la force de s&eacute;lection, parce que les ph&eacute;notypes sera plus loin de l&#39;optimum local, exigeant une s&eacute;lection antagoniste pour surmonter le d&eacute;calage de ph&eacute;notype et l&#39;environnement et de faciliter la divergence adaptative. Nous testons ces id&eacute;es en documentant la plasticit&eacute; induite par le pr&eacute;dateur pour le taux m&eacute;tabolique au repos et taux de croissance des populations de la trinidadien guppy (Poecilia reticulata) adapt&eacute;e aux hautes et basses la pr&eacute;dation. Nous trouvons des taux m&eacute;taboliques r&eacute;duits et taux de croissance lorsque les rep&egrave;res &agrave; partir d&#39;un pr&eacute;dateur sont pr&eacute;sents au cours du d&eacute;veloppement, un mod&egrave;le suggestif de la plasticit&eacute; adaptative et non adaptative, respectivement. Lorsque nous avons compar&eacute; les populations r&eacute;cemment transplant&eacute;es d&#39;un environnement de forte pr&eacute;dation en quatre volets d&eacute;pourvus de pr&eacute;dateurs, nous avons trouv&eacute; des preuves de l&#39;&eacute;volution adaptative rapide dans le m&eacute;tabolisme et la croissance. Nous discutons les implications pour pr&eacute;dire comment des traits r&eacute;pondra &agrave; la s&eacute;lection, selon le type de plasticit&eacute;, qu&#39;ils pr&eacute;sentent.

Plasticit&eacute; ph&eacute;notypique dans le m&eacute;tabolisme et le taux de croissance induite par le pr&eacute;dateur : Adaptation rapide &agrave; un nouvel environnement.

Consumer-driven nutrient recycling, the release of chemicals as byproducts and excesses of consumer physiology, can alter ecosystems by changing the availability of limiting nutrients at the base of the food web. The mere presence of predators can alter consumer physiology by restricting food intake and inducing stress. Predation risk, then, can influence ecosystem function by modifying the role of prey as nutrient recyclers, yet there are few empirical tests of how predation risk alters nutrient recycling by prey. Here, we present the results of a test for the effects of predation risk on the C and N budgets of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We reared female guppies for 7 weeks on diets of varying quality, and we compared control individuals to those exposed continuously to chemical cues emitted by a guppy predator, Crenicichla alta. We measured food consumption, growth rate, tissue elemental stoichiometry and N excretion by guppies on all treatments. Guppies strongly reduced food intake in the presence of predator cues; however, cue-exposed guppies assimilated nutrients more efficiently than controls. Specifically, cue-exposed guppies strongly increased N retention efficiency while only moderately increasing C efficiency. Consequently, guppies reared with predator cues excreted 39% less N than control guppies. We suggest that reduced foraging, enhanced nutrient efficiency, and decreased N excretion are adaptive responses to the extrinsic mortality threat posed by guppy predators. The resulting substantial reduction in N excretion by guppies may influence ecosystem function in natural streams by reducing the supply of a limiting nutrient.

Metabolic stoichiometry and the ecology of fear in Trinidadian guppies: consequences for life histories and stream ecosystems.

A trophic niche shift can occur as an adaptive response to environmental change such as altered resource quality, abundance or composition. Alterations in digestive traits such as gut morphology and physiology may enable these niche shifts and affect the persistence of populations and species. Relatively few studies, however, have assessed how niche shifts influence suites of digestive traits through phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary mechanisms, and how these trait changes can subsequently alter the nutrition, fitness and life history of organisms. We investigated how population divergence and plasticity alter the gut physiology of wild Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), assessing whether variation in digestive traits correspond with enhanced nutrient assimilation under a pronounced dietary shift. We examined gut enzyme activity, and gut size and mass of wild guppies from both high-predation (HP) and low-predation (LP) habitats when reared in the laboratory and fed on high- or low-quality diets designed to reflect their dietary differences previously found in nature. After 10 weeks on the experimental diets, HP guppies maintained shorter and lighter guts than LP guppies on either diet. Guppies also differed in their digestive enzymatic profiles, more often reflecting nutrient balancing so that increased enzyme expression tended to correspond with more deficient nutrients in the diet. LP guppies had increased somatic phosphorus at the end of the experiment, possibly related to the higher alkaline phosphatase activity in their guts. Our results suggest that differences in gut physiology exist among populations of Trinidadian guppies that may reflect local adaptation to their disparate environments.

Changes in digestive traits and body nutritional composition accommodate a trophic niche shift in Trinidadian guppies.

Human-induced trait change has been documented in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. These trait changes are driven by phenotypic plasticity and contemporary evolution. While efforts to manage human-induced trait change are beginning to receive some attention, managing its ecological consequences has received virtually none. Recent work suggests that contemporary trait change can have important effects on the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, trait changes caused by human activity may be shaping ecological dynamics on a global scale. We present evidence for important ecological effects associated with human-induced trait change in a variety of study systems. These effects can occur over large spatial scales and impact system-wide processes such as trophic cascades. Importantly, the magnitude of these effects can be on par with those of traditional ecological drivers such as species presence. However, phenotypic change is not always an agent of ecological change; it can also buffer ecosystems against change. Determining the conditions under which phenotypic change may promote vs prevent ecological change should be a top research priority.

Fates beyond traits: ecological consequences of human-induced trait change.

Diverse microbial consortia profoundly influence animal biology, necessitating an understanding of microbiome variation in studies of animal adaptation. Yet, little is known about such variability among fish, in spite of their importance in aquatic ecosystems. The Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is an intriguing candidate to test microbiome-related hypotheses on the drivers and consequences of animal adaptation, given the recent parallel origins of a similar ecotype across streams. To assess the relationships between the microbiome and host adaptation, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize gut bacteria of two guppy ecotypes with known divergence in diet, life history, physiology and morphology collected from low-predation (LP) and high-predation (HP) habitats in four Trinidadian streams. Guts were populated by several recurring, core bacteria that are related to other fish associates and rarely detected in the environment. Although gut communities of lab-reared guppies differed from those in the wild, microbiome divergence between ecotypes from the same stream was evident under identical rearing conditions, suggesting host genetic divergence can affect associations with gut bacteria. In the field, gut communities varied over time, across streams and between ecotypes in a stream-specific manner. This latter finding, along with PICRUSt predictions of metagenome function, argues against strong parallelism of the gut microbiome in association with LP ecotype evolution. Thus, bacteria cannot be invoked in facilitating the heightened reliance of LP guppies on lower-quality diets. We argue that the macroevolutionary microbiome convergence seen across animals with similar diets may be a signature of secondary microbial shifts arising some time after host-driven adaptation.

Article	Year
Predator-Induced Phenotypic Plasticity in Metabolism and Rate of Growth: Rapid Adaptation to a Novel Environment. Integrative and comparative biology\| PubMed ID: 23784701	2013
Metabolic stoichiometry and the ecology of fear in Trinidadian guppies: consequences for life histories and stream ecosystems. Oecologia\| PubMed ID: 25255854	2014
Changes in digestive traits and body nutritional composition accommodate a trophic niche shift in Trinidadian guppies. Oecologia\| PubMed ID: 25430044	2015
Fates beyond traits: ecological consequences of human-induced trait change. Evolutionary applications\| PubMed ID: 25568040	2012
Divergence across diet, time and populations rules out parallel evolution in the gut microbiomes of Trinidadian guppies. The ISME journal\| PubMed ID: 25575311	2015

Christopher M. Dalton

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