assessment-cardiac-morphological-functional-changes-mouse-model

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable ...

University of Washington

The synthesis of 11 oligosaccharides (4-14) containing beta-arabinofuranosyl residues is reported. The glycans are all fragments of two polysaccharides, arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, which are found in the cell wall complex of mycobacteria. In the preparation of the targets, the key step was a low-temperature glycosylation reaction that installed the beta-arabinofuranosyl residues with good to excellent stereocontrol.

Arabinofuranosides from mycobacteria: synthesis of a highly branched hexasaccharide and related fragments containing beta-arabinofuranosyl residues.

&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x662F;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x534A;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x98DF;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x4E3A; 430 &#x7ECF;&#x8FC7;&#x6210;&#x5BF9; (Mb)&#xFF0C;&#x683D;&#x57F9;&#x7684;&#x7A3B;&#x54C1;&#x79CD;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x662F;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x62A5;&#x544A; O.&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x4E1D;&#x4E1D;&#x7F15;&#x7F15;&#x524D;, &#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x7684;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x5E8F;&#x4E4B;&#x4E00;&#x7684;&#x7B2C;&#x56DB;&#x6761;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3002;&#x5DF2;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x8DE8;&#x8D8A;; 34.6 Mb&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x7684; 97.3%&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x4E3A;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x7740;&#x4E1D;&#x7C92;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53; 4 &#x4E1D;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684; 1.16 Mb &#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x6D4B;&#x5E8F; contig &#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x6700;&#x957F;&#x7684;&#x5DF2;&#x77E5;&#x7684;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x9884;&#x6D4B; 4,658 &#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x7F16;&#x7801;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x548C; 70 &#x8F6C;&#x79FB; RNA &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x3002;&#x603B;&#x5171;&#x6709; 1,681 &#x7684;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x4E0E;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x53EF;&#x7528;&#x552F;&#x4E00;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x76F8;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x3002;&#x8F6C;&#x5EA7;&#x56E0;&#x5B50;&#x671D;&#x7740; euchromatic &#x5730;&#x533A;&#xFF0C;&#x6307;&#x793A;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x5230;&#x6CBF;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x6709;&#x7740;&#x5BC6;&#x5207;&#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x6027;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x660E;&#x663E;&#x7684;&#x504F;&#x89C1;&#x3002;&#x683D;&#x57F9;&#x7684;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x4E9A;&#x79CD;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x6709;&#x6574;&#x4F53; syntenic &#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x548C;&#x5206;&#x6B67;&#x7684;&#x5355;&#x6838;&#x82F7;&#x9178;&#x591A;&#x6001;&#x6027;&#x548C;&#x63D2;&#x5165;&#x548C;&#x5220;&#x9664;&#x4E00;&#x7EA7;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x3002;&#x76F8;&#x6BD4;&#x4E4B;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x5C0F;&#x517B;&#x62A4;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x548C;&#x62DF;&#x5357;&#x82A5;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x3002;

&#x6D4B;&#x5E8F;&#x4E0E;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53; 4&#x3002;

Rice is the principal food for over half of the population of the world. With its genome size of 430 megabase pairs (Mb), the cultivated rice species Oryza sativa is a model plant for genome research. Here we report the sequence analysis of chromosome 4 of O. sativa, one of the first two rice chromosomes to be sequenced completely. The finished sequence spans 34.6 Mb and represents 97.3% of the chromosome. In addition, we report the longest known sequence for a plant centromere, a completely sequenced contig of 1.16 Mb corresponding to the centromeric region of chromosome 4. We predict 4,658 protein coding genes and 70 transfer RNA genes. A total of 1,681 predicted genes match available unique rice expressed sequence tags. Transposable elements have a pronounced bias towards the euchromatic regions, indicating a close correlation of their distributions to genes along the chromosome. Comparative genome analysis between cultivated rice subspecies shows that there is an overall syntenic relationship between the chromosomes and divergence at the level of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions and deletions. By contrast, there is little conservation in gene order between rice and Arabidopsis.

Sequence and analysis of rice chromosome 4.

Le riz est l&#39;aliment principal pour plus de la moiti&eacute; de la population du monde. Avec sa taille de g&eacute;nome de 430 megabase paires (Mb), les esp&egrave;ces cultiv&eacute;es de riz Oryza sativa sont une plante mod&egrave;le pour la recherche sur le g&eacute;nome. Nous rapportons ici l&#39;analyse de la s&eacute;quence du chromosome 4 d&#39;o. sativa, un des deux chromosomes riz &agrave; s&eacute;quencer enti&egrave;rement. La s&eacute;quence finie s&#39;&eacute;tend sur 34,6 Mb et repr&eacute;sente 97,3 % du chromosome. De plus, nous rapportons la plus longue s&eacute;quence connue pour un centrom&egrave;re plante, un contig compl&egrave;tement s&eacute;quenc&eacute; de 1,16 Mo correspondant &agrave; la r&eacute;gion centrom&eacute;rique du chromosome 4. Nous pr&eacute;voyons 4 658 g&egrave;nes de codage de prot&eacute;ine et 70 g&egrave;nes d&#39;ARN de transfert. Un total de 1 681 g&egrave;nes pr&eacute;dits correspondent les &eacute;tiquettes de s&eacute;quences disponibles riz unique exprim&eacute;e. &Eacute;l&eacute;ments transposables ont une tendance marqu&eacute;e vers les r&eacute;gions euchromatiques, indiquant une corr&eacute;lation &eacute;troite de leurs distributions aux g&egrave;nes le long du chromosome. Analyse g&eacute;nomique comparative entre sous-esp&egrave;ces de riz cultiv&eacute; montre qu&#39;il existe une relation globale synt&eacute;nie entre les chromosomes et les divergences au niveau des polymorphismes mononucl&eacute;otidiques et les insertions et les suppressions. En revanche, il y a peu de conservation dans l&#39;ordre des g&egrave;nes entre riz et Arabidopsis.

S&eacute;quence et l&#39;analyse des chromosomes de riz 4.

Reis ist das wichtigste Lebensmittel mehr als die H&auml;lfte der Bev&ouml;lkerung der Welt. Mit seiner Genom-Gr&ouml;&szlig;e von 430 Megabase Paare (Mb) ist der kultivierten Reis Oryza Sativa eine Modellpflanze f&uuml;r Genomforschung. Hier berichten wir die Sequenzanalyse von Chromosom 4 von O. Sativa, einer der ersten beiden Reis-Chromosomen zu vollst&auml;ndig sequenziert werden. Die fertige Sequenz umfasst 34.6 Mb und 97,3 % des Chromosoms darstellt. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus berichten wir &uuml;ber die l&auml;ngste bekannte Sequenz f&uuml;r eine Pflanze Zentromere, ein vollst&auml;ndig sequenzierten Contig 1,16 MB entspricht der Centromerisches Region von Chromosom 4. Wir prognostizieren 4.658 Protein kodierende Gene und 70 Transfer-RNA-Gene. Insgesamt 1.681 vorhergesagten Genen mit verf&uuml;gbaren einzigartige Reis ausgedr&uuml;ckt Sequenz Markierungen &uuml;bereinstimmen. &Uuml;bertragbar-Elemente haben eine ausgepr&auml;gte Voreingenommenheit gegen&uuml;ber Histons Regionen angibt, eine enge Korrelation ihrer Distributionen auf Gene auf dem Chromosom. Vergleichende Genomanalyse zwischen kultivierten Reis Unterart zeigt, dass es ein insgesamt syntenic Verh&auml;ltnis zwischen den Chromosomen und Divergenz auf der Ebene der Einzel-Nukleotid-Polymorphismen und Einf&uuml;gungen und L&ouml;schungen. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es wenig Erhaltung in gen Reihenfolge zwischen Reis und Arabidopsis.

Sequenz und Analyse von Reis Chromosom 4.

Il riso &egrave; l&#39;alimento principale per oltre la met&agrave; della popolazione del mondo. Con le sue dimensioni del genoma di 430 megabase accoppiamenti (Mb), la specie coltivata riso Oryza sativa &egrave; una pianta modello per la ricerca sul genoma. Riportiamo l&#39;analisi di sequenza del cromosoma 4 dell&#39;o. sativa, uno dei primi due cromosomi riso ad essere sequenziato completamente. La sequenza finita abbraccia 34,6 Mb e rappresenta il 97,3% del cromosoma. Inoltre, riportiamo la pi&ugrave; lunga sequenza nota per un centromero pianta, una completamente sequenziato contig di 1,16 Mb corrispondente alla regione centromerica del cromosoma 4. Prevediamo 4.658 geni di codificazione della proteina e 70 geni del RNA di trasferimento. Un totale di 1.681 predetti geni corrispondono disponibile riso unico espresso sequenza tag. Elementi trasponibili hanno un bias pronunciato verso le regioni eucromatina, che indica una stretta correlazione delle loro distribuzioni di geni lungo il cromosoma. Analisi comparativa del genoma tra sottospecie di riso coltivato dimostra che c&#39;&egrave; un rapporto generale syntenic tra i cromosomi e la divergenza a livello di polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide e inserimenti ed eliminazioni. Al contrario, c&#39;&egrave; poca conservazione in ordine gene tra riso e Arabidopsis.

Sequenza e analisi del cromosoma 4 di riso.

&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x306E;&#x4EBA;&#x53E3;&#x306E;&#x534A;&#x5206;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x306E;&#x4E3B;&#x98DF;&#x306F;&#x7C73;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30BA; 430 &#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x30DA;&#x30A2; (Mb)&#x3001;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x683D;&#x57F9;&#x7A2E;&#x30A4;&#x30CD; &#x30E2;&#x30C7;&#x30EB;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306B;&#x914D;&#x5217;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x6700;&#x521D;&#x306E; 2 &#x3064;&#x306E;&#x7C73;&#x306E;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x306E; 1 &#x3064;&#x306E;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53; 4 &#x306E;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x3092;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x7D42;&#x4E86;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x306F; 34.6 Mb &#x306B;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x304C;&#x308B;&#x3001;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x306E; 97.3 &#xFF05; &#x3092;&#x8868;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30E1;&#x30A2;&#x3001;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306E; contig 1.16 mb &#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53; 4 &#x306E;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30E1;&#x30A2;&#x9818;&#x57DF;&#x306B;&#x5BFE;&#x5FDC;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x6700;&#x9577;&#x306E;&#x77E5;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x3092;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3059;&#x308B;.4,658 &#x306E;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8CEA;&#x30B3;&#x30FC;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3068; 70 &#x306E;&#x8EE2;&#x9001;&#x306E; RNA &#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3092;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x5408;&#x8A08; 1,681 &#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306E;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x306E;&#x30E6;&#x30CB;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x306A;&#x7C73;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9; &#x30BF;&#x30B0;&#x3068;&#x4E00;&#x81F4;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x30DD;&#x30BE;&#x30F3;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306F;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x306B;&#x6CBF;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x306E;&#x76F8;&#x95A2;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3059;&#x30E6;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30DE;&#x30C1;&#x30F3;&#x9818;&#x57DF;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x9855;&#x8457;&#x306A;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30A2;&#x30B9;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x683D;&#x57F9;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x306E;&#x4E9C;&#x7A2E;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x3068;&#x767A;&#x6563;&#x4E00;&#x5869;&#x57FA;&#x591A;&#x578B;&#x3001;&#x633F;&#x5165;&#x3084;&#x524A;&#x9664;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30D9;&#x30EB;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x5168;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306F;&#x95A2;&#x4FC2;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x5BFE;&#x7167;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x5C0F;&#x3055;&#x306A;&#x4FDD;&#x5168;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x3068;&#x30B7;&#x30ED;&#x30A4;&#x30CC;&#x30CA;&#x30BA;&#x30CA;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x9806;&#x756A;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x7C73;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53; 4 &#x306E;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x3002;

&#xC300;&#xC740; &#xC138;&#xACC4; &#xC778;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xC808;&#xBC18; &#xC774;&#xC0C1;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC8FC;&#xC694; &#xC2DD;&#xD488;. 430 Megabase &#xC30D; (Mb)&#xC758; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xC640; &#xC7AC;&#xBC30; &#xC300; &#xC885; Oryza sativa&#xB85C; &#xAD6C;&#xB098;&#xB294; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xB97C; &#xC704;&#xD55C; &#xBAA8;&#xB378; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xC774;&#xB2E4;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xC624; sativa&#xB85C; &#xAD6C;&#xB098;, &#xC644;&#xC804; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2F1;&#xC744; &#xCC98;&#xC74C; &#xB450; &#xC300; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4; &#xC911; &#xD558;&#xB098;&#xC758; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4; 4&#xC758; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0;. &#xC644;&#xB8CC; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; 34.6 Mb&#xC5D0; &#xAC78;&#xCCD0; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4;&#xC758; 97.3%&#xB97C; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0C5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C;, &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4; 4&#xC758; centromeric &#xC601;&#xC5ED;&#xC5D0; &#xD574;&#xB2F9; &#xD558;&#xB294; 1.16 m B&#xC758; &#xC644;&#xC804;&#xD788; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; contig &#xACF5;&#xC7A5; centromere&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xAC00;&#xC7A5; &#xAE34; &#xC54C;&#xB824;&#xC9C4;&#xB41C; &#xC21C;&#xC11C;&#xB97C; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; 4658 &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; &#xCF54;&#xB529; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xC640; 70 &#xC804;&#xC1A1; RNA &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xC608;&#xCE21;. 1,681 &#xC608;&#xCE21;&#xB41C; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xC758; &#xCD1D; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xB3C5;&#xD2B9;&#xD55C; &#xBC25; &#xD45C;&#xBA85; &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; &#xD0DC;&#xADF8;&#xC640; &#xC77C;&#xCE58; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. Transposable &#xC694;&#xC18C;&#xB294; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xB294; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4;&#xB97C; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xBC30;&#xD3EC;&#xD310;&#xC758; &#xAC00;&#xAE4C;&#xC6B4; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xAD00;&#xACC4;&#xB97C; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0B4;&#xB294; euchromatic &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xBC1C;&#xC74C;&#xB41C; &#xD3B8;&#xACAC;&#xC744;&#xAC00;&#xC9C0;&#xACE0;. &#xC300; &#xC7AC;&#xBC30; &#xBCC0;&#xC885; &#xC0AC;&#xC774; &#xBE44;&#xAD50; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4; &#xBC0F; &#xB2E8;&#xC77C; &#xB274;&#xD074;&#xB808;&#xC624;&#xD2F0;&#xB4DC; polymorphisms &#xBC0F; &#xC0BD;&#xC785; &#xBC0F; &#xC0AD;&#xC81C;&#xC758; &#xC218;&#xC900; &#xBD84;&#xAE30; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xC758; &#xC804;&#xBC18;&#xC801;&#xC778; syntenic &#xAD00;&#xACC4;&#xB97C; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB300;&#xC870;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C;, &#xC300;&#xACFC; Arabidopsis &#xC0AC;&#xC774; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xC21C;&#xC11C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC791;&#xC740; &#xC808;&#xC57D;&#xC774; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; &#xBC0F; &#xC300; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4; 4&#xC758; &#xBD84;&#xC11D;&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

El arroz es el alimento principal para m&aacute;s de la mitad de la poblaci&oacute;n del mundo. Con su tama&ntilde;o del genoma de 430 pares de megabase (Mb), las especies cultivadas de arroz Oryza sativa es una planta modelo para la investigaci&oacute;n del genoma. Presentamos el an&aacute;lisis de la secuencia del cromosoma 4 de o. sativa, uno de los primeros dos cromosomas de arroz para ser secuenciado completamente. La secuencia terminada abarca 34,6 Mb y representa el 97.3% del cromosoma. Adem&aacute;s, divulgamos la secuencia m&aacute;s larga conocida para un centr&oacute;mero de planta, un contig totalmente ordenado de 1.16 Mb correspondiente a la regi&oacute;n centrom&eacute;rica del cromosoma 4. Predecimos 4.658 genes de codificaci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas y 70 genes de ARN de transferencia. Un total de 1.681 predijo genes coinciden con etiquetas de secuencia de arroz &uacute;nico disponible expresado. Elementos transponibles tienen un sesgo pronunciado hacia las regiones euchromatic, indicando una correlaci&oacute;n cercana de su distribuci&oacute;n a los genes en el cromosoma. An&aacute;lisis de gen&oacute;mica comparativa entre subespecies de arroz cultivada muestran que hay una relaci&oacute;n general syntenic entre los cromosomas y divergencia en el nivel de polimorfismos de nucle&oacute;tido y las inserciones y eliminaciones. Por el contrario, hay poca conservaci&oacute;n en orden del gene entre el arroz y Arabidopsis.

Secuencia y el an&aacute;lisis del cromosoma 4 de arroz.

We have reported that extracts prepared from many human and mouse cell lines show little or no Sp2 DNA-binding activity and that Sp2 has little or no capacity to stimulate transcription of promoters that are activated by Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4. Using an array of chimeric Sp1/Sp2 proteins we showed further that Sp2 DNA-binding activity and trans-activation are each negatively regulated in mammalian cells. As part of an ongoing effort to study Sp2 function and regulation we characterized its subcellular localization in comparison with other Sp-family members in fixed and live cells. We report that 1) Sp2 localizes largely within subnuclear foci associated with the nuclear matrix, and 2) these foci are distinct from promyelocytic oncogenic domains and appear to be stable during an 18-h time course of observation. Deletion analyses identified a 37 amino acid sequence spanning the first zinc-"finger" that is sufficient to direct nuclear matrix association, and this region also encodes a bipartite nuclear localization sequence. A second nuclear matrix targeting sequence is encoded within the Sp2 trans-activation domain. We conclude that Sp2 preferentially associates with the nuclear matrix and speculate that this subcellular localization plays an important role in the regulation of Sp2 function.

Sp2 localizes to subnuclear foci associated with the nuclear matrix.

The Sp family of transcription factors is required for the expression of cell cycle- and developmentally regulated genes, and the deregulated expression of a handful of family members is associated with human tumorigenesis. Sp2 is a relatively poorly characterized member of the Sp family that, although widely expressed, exhibits little or no DNA binding or transcriptional activity in human and mouse cell lines. To begin to address the role(s) played by Sp2 in early metazoan development we have cloned and characterized Sp2 from zebrafish (Danio rerio). We report that 1) the intron/exon organization and amino acid sequence of zebrafish Sp2 is closely conserved with its mammalian orthologues, 2) zebrafish Sp2 weakly stimulates an Sp-dependent promoter in vitro and associates with the nuclear matrix in a DNA-independent fashion, 3) zebrafish Sp2 is inherited as a maternal transcript, is transcribed in zebrafish embryos and adult tissues, and is required for completion of gastrulation, and 4) zebrafish lines carrying transgenes regulated by the Sp2 promoter recapitulate patterns of endogenous Sp2 expression.

Sp2 is a maternally inherited transcription factor required for embryonic development.

The Sp-family of transcription factors is comprised by nine members, Sp1-9, that share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain. Sp2 is a poorly characterized member of this transcription factor family that is widely expressed in murine and human cell lines yet exhibits little DNA-binding or trans-activation activity in these settings. As a prelude to the generation of a "knock-out" mouse strain, we isolated a mouse Sp2 cDNA and performed a detailed analysis of Sp2 transcription in embryonic and adult mouse tissues. We report that (1) the 5' untranslated region of Sp2 is subject to alternative splicing, (2) Sp2 transcription is regulated by at least two promoters that differ in their cell-type specificity, (3) one Sp2 promoter is highly active in nine mammalian cell lines and strains and is regulated by at least five discrete stimulatory and inhibitory elements, (4) a variety of sub-genomic messages are synthesized from the Sp2 locus in a tissue- and cell-type-specific fashion and these transcripts have the capacity to encode a novel partial-Sp2 protein, and (5) RNA in situ hybridization assays indicate that Sp2 is widely expressed during mouse embryogenesis, particularly in the embryonic brain, and robust Sp2 expression occurs in neurogenic regions of the post-natal and adult brain.

Transcription of mouse Sp2 yields alternatively spliced and sub-genomic mRNAs in a tissue- and cell-type-specific fashion.

Experiments utilizing the Looptail mutant mouse, which harbors a missense mutation in the vangl2 gene, have been essential for studies of planar polarity and linking the function of the core planar cell polarity proteins to other developmental signals. Originally described as having dominant phenotypic traits, the molecular interactions underlying the Looptail mutant phenotype are unclear because Vangl2 protein levels are significantly reduced or absent from mutant tissues. Here we introduce a vangl2 knockout mouse and directly compare the severity of the knockout and Looptail mutant phenotypes by intercrossing the two lines and assaying the planar polarity of inner ear hair cells. Overall the vangl2 knockout phenotype is milder than the phenotype of compound mutants carrying both the Looptail and vangl2 knockout alleles. In compound mutants a greater number of hair cells are affected and changes in the orientation of individual hair cells are greater when quantified. We further demonstrate in a heterologous cell system that the protein encoded by the Looptail mutation (Vangl2(S464N)) disrupts delivery of Vangl1 and Vangl2 proteins to the cell surface as a result of oligomer formation between Vangl1 and Vangl2(S464N), or Vangl2 and Vangl2(S464N), coupled to the intracellular retention of Vangl2(S464N). As a result, Vangl1 protein is missing from the apical cell surface of vestibular hair cells in Looptail mutants, but is retained at the apical cell surface of hair cells in vangl2 knockouts. Similarly the distribution of Prickle-like2, a putative Vangl2 interacting protein, is differentially affected in the two mutant lines. In summary, we provide evidence for a direct physical interaction between Vangl1 and Vangl2 through a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches and propose that this interaction underlies the dominant phenotypic traits associated with the Looptail mutation.

Comparison of phenotypes between different vangl2 mutants demonstrates dominant effects of the Looptail mutation during hair cell development.

Faithful progression through the cell cycle is crucial to the maintenance and developmental potential of stem cells. Here, we demonstrate that neural stem cells (NSCs) and intermediate neural progenitor cells (NPCs) employ a zinc-finger transcription factor specificity protein 2 (Sp2) as a cell cycle regulator in two temporally and spatially distinct progenitor domains. Differential conditional deletion of Sp2 in early embryonic cerebral cortical progenitors, and perinatal olfactory bulb progenitors disrupted transitions through G1, G2 and M phases, whereas DNA synthesis appeared intact. Cell-autonomous function of Sp2 was identified by deletion of Sp2 using mosaic analysis with double markers, which clearly established that conditional Sp2-null NSCs and NPCs are M phase arrested in vivo. Importantly, conditional deletion of Sp2 led to a decline in the generation of NPCs and neurons in the developing and postnatal brains. Our findings implicate Sp2-dependent mechanisms as novel regulators of cell cycle progression, the absence of which disrupts neurogenesis in the embryonic and postnatal brain.

Neural development is dependent on the function of specificity protein 2 in cell cycle progression.

TAK1 (TGFβ-activated kinase-1) signaling is essential in regulating a number of important biological functions, including innate immunity, inflammatory response, cell growth and differentiation, and myocardial homeostasis. The precise role of TAK1 in the adult heart under pathological conditions remains largely unknown. Importantly, we observed that TAK1 is upregulated during compensatory hypertrophy but downregulated in end-stage heart failure. Here we generated transgenic mice with inducible expression of an active TAK1 mutant (TAK1ΔN) in the adult heart. TAK1ΔN transgenic mice developed greater cardiac hypertrophy compared with control mice after transverse aortic constriction (TAC), which was largely blocked by ablation of calcineurin Aβ. Expression of TAK1ΔN also promoted NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) transcriptional activity in luciferase reporter mice at baseline, which was further enhanced after TAC. Our results revealed that activation of TAK1 promoted adaptive cardiac hypertrophy through a cross-talk between calcineurin-NFAT and IKK-NFκB pathways. More significantly, adult-onset inducible expression of TAK1ΔN protected the myocardium from adverse remodeling and heart failure after myocardial infarction or long-term pressure overload, by preventing cardiac cell death and fibrosis. Mechanistically, TAK1 exerts its cardioprotective effect through activation of NFAT/NFκB, downregulation of Bnip3, and inhibition of cardiac cell death.

Article	Year
Arabinofuranosides from mycobacteria: synthesis of a highly branched hexasaccharide and related fragments containing beta-arabinofuranosyl residues. The Journal of organic chemistry\| PubMed ID: 11856034	2002
Sequence and analysis of rice chromosome 4. Nature\| PubMed ID: 12447439	2002
Sp2 localizes to subnuclear foci associated with the nuclear matrix. Molecular biology of the cell\| PubMed ID: 16467376	2006
Sp2 is a maternally inherited transcription factor required for embryonic development. The Journal of biological chemistry\| PubMed ID: 19959469	2010
Transcription of mouse Sp2 yields alternatively spliced and sub-genomic mRNAs in a tissue- and cell-type-specific fashion. Biochimica et biophysica acta\| PubMed ID: 20353838	2010
Comparison of phenotypes between different vangl2 mutants demonstrates dominant effects of the Looptail mutation during hair cell development. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 22363783	2012
Neural development is dependent on the function of specificity protein 2 in cell cycle progression. Development (Cambridge, England)\| PubMed ID: 23293287	2013
TAK1 Regulates Myocardial Response to Pathological Stress via NFAT, NFκB, and Bnip3 Pathways. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 26564789	2015

Haifeng Yin

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