continuous-iv-infusion-is-choice-treatment-route-for-arginine

Continuous IV Infusion is the Choice Treatment Route for Arginine-vasopressin Receptor Blocker Conivaptan in Mice to Study Stroke-evoked Brain Edema

Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Stroke is complicated by brain edema and other pathophysiological events. Among ...

Colorado Brain and Spine Institute

We describe a unique case of multiple bilateral cervical root injuries without ligamentous or bony injury secondary to a sandblast accident.

Bilateral multiple cervical root avulsions without skeletal or ligamentous damage resulting from blast injury: case report.

We sought to identify genes with differential expression in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and control superficial temporal arteries (STAs) and to confirm differential expression of genes previously implicated in the pathobiology of these lesions.

Differential gene expression in human cerebrovascular malformations.

Nitric oxide (NO) metabolism may influence vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It has been demonstrated in recent studies that erythrocytes carry NO for release in vessels, whereas transfused erythrocytes may lack stored NO. Several converging lines of evidence also indicate that blood transfusion may exacerbate poor outcomes in some critically ill patients. In this study the authors hypothesized that patients with SAH who received red blood cell (RBC) transfusions were at greater risk for vasospasm and poor outcome.

Blood transfusion and increased risk for vasospasm and poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is well known to affect adversely patients with head injury. In contrast, the variables associated with ICP following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and their impact on outcome have been less intensely studied.

Relationship between intracranial pressure and other clinical variables in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Vasospasm is a leading cause of morbidity and death following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is important to predict which patients are at risk for vasospasm so that interventions can be made. There are several potential risk factors for vasospasm, one of which is age. However, the effect of age on vasospasm, particularly symptomatic vasospasm, remains controversial.

Association of a younger age with an increased risk of angiographic and symptomatic vasospasms following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) is associated with medical complications in general medical and surgical patients. We examined the hypothesis that RBCT during intensive care unit (ICU) care is associated with medical complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Red blood cell transfusion is associated with infection and extracerebral complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

One of the most widely utilized in vitro models of ischemia or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) is the hippocampal organotypical culture (HOTC). The HOTC is used not only for the study of the mechanisms of cell death, but also has been the cornerstone of synaptic physiology. Although the intact nature of the HOTC is one of its primary advantages, some studies require a dissociated preparation in order to distinguish cell type specific responses. Typically, primary dissociated neuronal cultures are prepared from embryonic tissue. Since the HOTC is prepared from postnatal pups, we wanted to establish a primary culture of hippocampus from postnatal pups to parallel our studies in the HOTC preparation. Mixed cultures were prepared by enzymatic dissociation of hippocampus from 7-day-old mouse pups. These cultures responded to OGD with a time course of delayed cell death that was similar to that reported in HOTC. Dual label immunocytochemical staining revealed that neurons, but not astrocytes, were dying from apoptosis following OGD. To examine this vulnerability further, we also prepared neuronal enriched cultures by treating mixed cultures with cytosine-β-d-arabinofuranoside (CBA). These neuronal cultures appear to be even more sensitive to OGD. In addition, we have established primary astrocyte-enriched cultures from the same age pups to examine the vulnerability of astrocytes to OGD. These three culture preparations are useful for comparison of the responses of the two major cell types in the same culture, and the enriched cultures will allow biochemical, electrophysiological and molecular studies of homogenous cell populations.

Primary culture of cellular subtypes from postnatal mouse for in vitro studies of oxygen glucose deprivation.

Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Stroke is complicated by brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and is often accompanied by increased release of arginine-vasopressin (AVP). AVP acts through V1a and V2 receptors to trigger hyponatremia, vasospasm, and platelet aggregation which can exacerbate brain edema. The AVP receptor blockers conivaptan (V1a and V2) and tolvaptan (V2) are used to correct hyponatremia, but their effect on post-ischemic brain edema and BBB disruption remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate if these drugs can prevent brain edema and BBB disruption in mice after stroke.

Article	Year
Bilateral multiple cervical root avulsions without skeletal or ligamentous damage resulting from blast injury: case report. Neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 12015859	2002
Differential gene expression in human cerebrovascular malformations. Neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 12535382	2003
Blood transfusion and increased risk for vasospasm and poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 15255244	2004
Relationship between intracranial pressure and other clinical variables in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 15352597	2004
Association of a younger age with an increased risk of angiographic and symptomatic vasospasms following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 19835470	2010
Red blood cell transfusion is associated with infection and extracerebral complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 20042985	2010
Primary culture of cellular subtypes from postnatal mouse for in vitro studies of oxygen glucose deprivation. Journal of neuroscience methods\| PubMed ID: 21620892	2011
Arginine-Vasopressin Receptor Blocker Conivaptan Reduces Brain Edema and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Experimental Stroke in Mice. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 26275173	2015

J. Paul Elliott

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