electrospray-deposition-uniform-thickness-ge23sb7s70-as40s60

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

University of Central Florida

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Achieving control of light-material interactions for photonic device applications at nanoscale dimensions will require structures that guide electromagnetic energy with a lateral mode confinement below the diffraction limit of light. This cannot be achieved by using conventional waveguides or photonic crystals. It has been suggested that electromagnetic energy can be guided below the diffraction limit along chains of closely spaced metal nanoparticles that convert the optical mode into non-radiating surface plasmons. A variety of methods such as electron beam lithography and self-assembly have been used to construct metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides. However, all investigations of the optical properties of these waveguides have so far been confined to collective excitations, and direct experimental evidence for energy transport along plasmon waveguides has proved elusive. Here we present observations of electromagnetic energy transport from a localized subwavelength source to a localized detector over distances of about 0.5 microm in plasmon waveguides consisting of closely spaced silver rods. The waveguides are excited by the tip of a near-field scanning optical microscope, and energy transport is probed by using fluorescent nanospheres.

Local detection of electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit in metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides.

Atteindre un contr&#xF4;le de la lumi&#xE8;re-mati&#xE8;re interactions pour des applications de dispositifs photoniques &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;chelle nanom&#xE9;trique, il faudra des structures que l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;nergie &#xE9;lectromagn&#xE9;tique de guidage avec un confinement mode lat&#xE9;ral en dessous de la limite de diffraction de la lumi&#xE8;re. Cela ne peut pas &#xEA;tre r&#xE9;alis&#xE9; en utilisant des guides d&#x26;#39;ondes classiques ou des cristaux photoniques. Il a &#xE9;t&#xE9; sugg&#xE9;r&#xE9; que l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;nergie &#xE9;lectromagn&#xE9;tique peut &#xEA;tre guid&#xE9; en dessous de la limite de diffraction le long des cha&#xEE;nes de nanoparticules m&#xE9;talliques &#xE9;troitement espac&#xE9;s qui convertissent le mode optique dans les non-rayonnants plasmons de surface. Une vari&#xE9;t&#xE9; de m&#xE9;thodes telles que la lithographie par faisceau d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrons et de l&#x26;#39;auto-assemblage ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; utilis&#xE9;s pour construire des guides d&#x26;#39;ondes m&#xE9;talliques nanoparticules plasmon. Cependant, toutes les enqu&#xEA;tes sur les propri&#xE9;t&#xE9;s optiques de ces guides d&#x26;#39;ondes ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; jusqu&#x26;#39;&#xE0; pr&#xE9;sent limit&#xE9;e &#xE0; des excitations collectives, et une preuve exp&#xE9;rimentale directe pour le transport de l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;nergie le long des guides d&#x26;#39;ondes de plasmon s&#x26;#39;est r&#xE9;v&#xE9;l&#xE9;e probl&#xE9;matique. Ici pr&#xE9;senter des observations de transport d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;nergie &#xE9;lectromagn&#xE9;tique provenant d&#x26;#39;une source localis&#xE9;e &#xE0; longueur d &#x26;#39;onde d&#x26;#39;un d&#xE9;tecteur localis&#xE9; sur des distances d&#x26;#39;environ 0,5 microm&#xE8;tre &#xE0; guides d&#x26;#39;ondes plasmons de tiges d&#x26;#39;argent constitu&#xE9;s &#xE9;troitement espac&#xE9;s. Les guides d&#x26;#39;ondes sont excit&#xE9;s par la pointe d&#x26;#39;un champ proche-microscope optique &#xE0; balayage, et le transport d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;nergie est sond&#xE9; par l&#x26;#39;utilisation nanosph&#xE8;res fluorescentes.

D&#xE9;tection locale des Transports de l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;nergie &#xE9;lectromagn&#xE9;tique dessous de la limite de diffraction dans le m&#xE9;tal des nanoparticules Plasmon guides d&#x26;#39;ondes

Lokale Detektion elektromagnetischer Energietransport unterhalb der Beugungsgrenze in Metall-Nanopartikel-Plasmon-Wellenleiter.

Raggiungere il controllo delle interazioni luce-materiale per le applicazioni per dispositivi fotonici a dimensioni nanometriche richieder&agrave; strutture che guidano l&#39;energia elettromagnetica con un confinamento laterale modalit&agrave; sotto il limite di diffrazione della luce. Questo non pu&ograve; essere raggiunto utilizzando le guide d&#39;onda convenzionale o cristalli fotonici. &Egrave; stato suggerito che l&#39;energia elettromagnetica pu&ograve; essere guidato di sotto del limite di diffrazione lungo catene di nanoparticelle metalliche ravvicinate che convertono la modalit&agrave; ottica nei plasmoni di superficie radiante non. Una variet&agrave; di metodi come elettrone litografia del fascio e l&#39;auto-assemblaggio sono stati utilizzati per costruire plasmone di nanoparticelle metalliche guide d&#39;onda. Tuttavia, tutte le indagini delle propriet&agrave; ottiche di queste guide d&#39;onda finora sono state limitate a eccitazioni collettive e prove sperimentali dirette per il trasporto di energia lungo le guide d&#39;onda plasmonica sono dimostrata sfuggente. Presentiamo qui le osservazioni di trasporto energia elettromagnetica da una fonte subwavelength localizzata a un rivelatore localizzato a distanze di circa 0,5 microm in guide d&#39;onda plasmonica, costituito da canne d&#39;argento ravvicinati. Le guide d&#39;onda sono entusiasti della punta di un ottico microscopio a campo vicino, e trasporto di energia &egrave; sondato usando nanosfere fluorescente.

Rilevazione locale del trasporto di energia elettromagnetica sotto il limite di diffrazione in guide d&#39;onda plasmonica di nanoparticelle metalliche.

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&#xB098;&#xB178; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD11;&#xD559;&#xC801; &#xC7A5;&#xCE58; &#xC751;&#xC6A9; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xADF8;&#xB7A8;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xBE5B;-&#xBB3C;&#xC9C8; &#xC0C1;&#xD638; &#xC791;&#xC6A9;&#xC758; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4; &#xB2EC;&#xC131; &#xBE5B;&#xC758; &#xD68C;&#xC808; &#xD55C;&#xACC4; &#xC774;&#xD558;&#xB85C; &#xCE21;&#xBA74; &#xBAA8;&#xB4DC; &#xAC10; &#xAE08; &#xB41C; &#xC804;&#xC790;&#xAE30; &#xC5D0;&#xB108;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xC548;&#xB0B4; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xAD6C;&#xC870; &#xD544;&#xC694; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xAC83;&#xC740; &#xAE30;&#xC874;&#xC758; &#xAD6C;&#xC131;&#xD488; &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xAD11;&#xD559;&#xC801; &#xD06C;&#xB9AC;&#xC2A4;&#xD138;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC5BB;&#xC744; &#xC218; &#xC5C6;&#xB2E4;. &#xC804;&#xC790;&#xAE30; &#xC5D0;&#xB108;&#xC9C0; &#xD45C;&#xBA74; plasmons &#xBE44; &#xBC1C;&#xC0B0; &#xAD11;&#xD559; &#xBAA8;&#xB4DC; &#xBCC0;&#xD658; &#xBC00;&#xC811; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xAC04;&#xACA9; &#xB454;&#xB41C; &#xAE08;&#xC18D; &#xB098;&#xB178; &#xC785;&#xC790;&#xC758; &#xCCB4;&#xC778;&#xC744; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xD68C;&#xC808; &#xD55C;&#xACC4; &#xC774;&#xD558;&#xB85C; &#xC778;&#xB3C4; &#xB420; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xC804;&#xC790; &#xAC19;&#xC740; &#xBE54; &#xB9AC;&#xC18C; &#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xD53C;&#xC640; &#xC790;&#xAE30; &#xC870;&#xB9BD; &#xAE08;&#xC18D; &#xB098;&#xB178; &#xC785;&#xC790;&#xC758; &#xD50C;&#xB77C;&#xC2A4;&#xBAAC; &#xAD6C;&#xC131;&#xD488;&#xC744; &#xB9CC;&#xB4DC;&#xB294; &#xB370; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098;, &#xC9D1;&#xB2E8; excitation&#xC744; &#xC9C0;&#xAE08;&#xAE4C;&#xC9C0; &#xAC10; &#xAE08; &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xAD6C;&#xC131;&#xD488;&#xC758; &#xAD11;&#xD559; &#xD2B9;&#xC131;&#xC758; &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; &#xD50C;&#xB77C;&#xC2A4;&#xBAAC; &#xC560;&#xD50C;&#xB9AC;&#xCF00;&#xC774;&#xC158;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xC5D0;&#xB108;&#xC9C0; &#xC804;&#xC1A1;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC9C1;&#xC811;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC2E4;&#xD5D8; &#xC99D;&#xAC70; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC5B4;&#xB824;&#xC6B4; &#xC785;&#xC99D; &#xD558;&#xACE0;&#xC788;&#xB2E4;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30; &#xC120;&#xBB3C;&#xC774; 0.5 microm &#xAC04;&#xACA9;&#xC774; &#xC2E4;&#xBC84; &#xBD09;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC774;&#xB8E8;&#xC5B4;&#xC9C4; &#xD50C;&#xB77C;&#xC2A4;&#xBAAC; &#xAD6C;&#xC131;&#xD488;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C;&#xC758; &#xAC70;&#xB9AC;&#xB97C; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xD654; &#xB41C; &#xAC80;&#xCD9C;&#xAE30;&#xB97C; &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xD654; &#xB41C; subwavelength &#xC18C;&#xC2A4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC804;&#xC790;&#xAE30; &#xC5D0;&#xB108;&#xC9C0; &#xC804;&#xC1A1;&#xC758; &#xAD00;&#xCE21;. &#xADFC;&#xCC98;-&#xD544;&#xB4DC; &#xC2A4;&#xCE94; &#xAD11;&#xD559; &#xD604;&#xBBF8;&#xACBD;&#xC758; &#xD301;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xD765;&#xBD84; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xAD6C;&#xC131;&#xD488; &#xBC0F; &#xC5D0;&#xB108;&#xC9C0; &#xC804;&#xC1A1; &#xD615;&#xAD11; &#xB098;&#xB178;&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC870;&#xC0AC;.

&#xAE08;&#xC18D; &#xB098;&#xB178; &#xC785;&#xC790;&#xC758; &#xD50C;&#xB77C;&#xC2A4;&#xBAAC; &#xAD6C;&#xC131;&#xD488;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xD68C;&#xC808; &#xD55C;&#xACC4; &#xC774;&#xD558;&#xB85C; &#xC804;&#xC790;&#xD30C; &#xC5D0;&#xB108;&#xC9C0; &#xC804;&#xC1A1;&#xC758; &#xB85C;&#xCEEC; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Lograr el control de las interacciones luz-materiales para aplicaciones de dispositivos fot&#xF3;nicos en dimensiones nanom&#xE9;tricas requerir&#xE1; unas estructuras que la energ&#xED;a electromagn&#xE9;tica con una gu&#xED;a de reclusi&#xF3;n en modo lateral por debajo del l&#xED;mite de difracci&#xF3;n de la luz. Esto no puede lograrse mediante el uso de gu&#xED;as de onda convencionales o cristales fot&#xF3;nicos. Se ha sugerido que la energ&#xED;a electromagn&#xE9;tica puede ser guiado por debajo del l&#xED;mite de difracci&#xF3;n a lo largo de las cadenas de nanopart&#xED;culas met&#xE1;licas muy pr&#xF3;ximas entre s&#xED; que convierten el modo &#xF3;ptico en no radiantes plasmones de superficie. Una variedad de m&#xE9;todos tales como litograf&#xED;a de haz de electrones y la auto-ensamblado se han utilizado para construir de metal nanopart&#xED;culas gu&#xED;as de ondas de plasmones. Sin embargo, todas las investigaciones de las propiedades &#xF3;pticas de estas gu&#xED;as de onda hasta ahora se han limitado a excitaciones colectivas, y la evidencia experimental directa para el transporte de energ&#xED;a a lo largo de gu&#xED;as de ondas de plasmones ha resultado dif&#xED;cil. A continuaci&#xF3;n les presentamos las observaciones de transporte de energ&#xED;a electromagn&#xE9;tica de una fuente localizada subwavelength a un detector localizado en distancias de alrededor de 0,5 micras en gu&#xED;as de ondas de plasmones que consisten en barras de plata muy pr&#xF3;ximas entre s&#xED;. Las gu&#xED;as de onda son excitados por la punta de un campo cercano microscopio &#xF3;ptico, y el transporte de energ&#xED;a es visto por el uso de nano-esferas fluorescentes.

Detecci&#xF3;n local de transporte de energ&#xED;a electromagn&#xE9;tica por debajo del l&#xED;mite de difracci&#xF3;n en nanopart&#xED;culas de metal gu&#xED;as de onda de plasm&#xF3;n

Maxwell Garnett effective medium theory is used to study the influence of silver nanoparticle induced field enhancement on the nonlinear response of a Kerr-type nonlinear host. We show that the composite nonlinear absorption coefficient, beta(c), can be enhanced relative to the host nonlinear absorption coefficient near the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. This enhancement is not due to a resonant enhancement of the host nonlinear absorption, but rather due to a phase shifted enhancement of the host nonlinear refractive response. The enhancement occurs at the expense of introducing linear absorption, alpha(c), which leads to an overall reduced figure of merit beta(c)/alpha(c) for nonlinear absorption. For thin (< 1 microm) composites, the use of surface plasmons is found to result in an increased nonlinear absorption response compared to that of the host material.

Numerical study of surface plasmon enhanced nonlinear absorption and refraction.

The linear and nonlinear optical properties of a composite containing interacting spherical silver nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric host are studied as a function of interparticle separation using three dimensional frequency domain simulations. It is shown that for a fixed amount of metal, the effective third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the composite chi((3))(omega) can be significantly enhanced with respect to the linear optical properties, due to a combination of resonant surface plasmon excitation and local field redistribution. It is shown that this geometry-dependent susceptibility enhancement can lead to an improved figure of merit for nonlinear absorption. Enhancement factors for the nonlinear susceptibility of the composite are calculated, and the complex nature of the enhancement factors is discussed.

Structural control of nonlinear optical absorption and refraction in dense metal nanoparticle arrays.

Erbium doped waveguide amplifiers can be used in optical integrated circuits to compensate for signal losses. Such amplifiers use stimulated emission from the first excited state ((4) I (13/2)) to the ground state ((4) I (15/2)) of Er(3+) at 1.53 µm, the standard wavelength for optical communication. Since the intra-f transitions are parity forbidden for free Er(3+) ions, the absorption and the emission cross sections are quite small for such doped amplifiers. To enhance the absorption, Si nanoclusters can be embedded in silica matrix. Here we investigate the effect of the Si nanocluster on the Er(3+) emission using ab initio theory for the first time. We combine multi-reference configuration interaction with one-electron spin-orbit Hamiltonian and relativistic effective core potentials. Our calculations show that the presence of a polarizable Be atom at 5Ǻ from the Er(3+) ion in a crystalline environment can lead to an enhancement in the emission by a factor of three. The implications of this effect in designing more efficient optical gain materials are discussed.

Near-field enhancement of infrared intensities for f-f transitions in Er3+ ions close to the surface of silicon nanoparticles.

Voltage controlled wavelength tuning of the localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on an aluminum film is demonstrated in single particle microscopy and spectroscopy measurements. Anodization of the Al film after nanoparticle deposition forms an aluminum oxide spacer layer between the gold particles and the Al film, modifying the particle-substrate interaction. Darkfield microscopy reveals ring-shaped scattering images from individual Au nanoparticles, indicative of plasmon resonances with a dipole moment normal to the substrate. Single particle scattering spectra show narrow plasmon resonances that can be tuned from ~580 to ~550 nm as the anodization voltage increases to 12 V. All observed experimental trends could be reproduced in numerical simulations. The presented approach could be used as a general postfabrication resonance optimization step of plasmonic nanoantennas and devices.

Post-fabrication voltage controlled resonance tuning of nanoscale plasmonic antennas.

An optical electrode design is presented that theoretically allows 100% optical transmission through an interdigitated metallic electrode at 50% metal areal coverage. This is achieved by redirection of light incident on embedded metal electrode lines to an angle beyond that required for total internal reflection. Full-field electromagnetic simulations using realistic material parameters demonstrate 84% frequency-averaged transmission for unpolarized illumination across the entire visible spectral range using a silver interdigitated electrode at 50% areal coverage. The redirection is achieved through specular reflection, making it nonresonant and arbitrarily broadband, provided the electrode width exceeds the optical wavelength. These findings could significantly improve the performance of photovoltaic devices and optical detectors that require high-conductivity top contacts.

Catoptric electrodes: transparent metal electrodes using shaped surfaces.

We demonstrate electrical control over coherent optical absorption in a graphene-based Salisbury screen consisting of a single layer of graphene placed in close proximity to a gold back reflector. The screen was designed to enhance light absorption at a target wavelength of 3.2 μm by using a 600 nm-thick, nonabsorbing silica spacer layer. An ionic gel layer placed on top of the screen was used to electrically gate the charge density in the graphene layer. Spectroscopic reflectance measurements were performed in situ as a function of gate bias. The changes in the reflectance spectra were analyzed using a Fresnel based transfer matrix model in which graphene was treated as an infinitesimally thin sheet with a conductivity given by the Kubo formula. The analysis reveals that a careful choice of the ionic gel layer thickness can lead to optical absorption enhancements of up to 5.5 times for the Salisbury screen compared to a suspended sheet of graphene. In addition to these absorption enhancements, we demonstrate very large electrically induced changes in the optical absorption of graphene of ∼3.3% per volt, the highest attained so far in a device that features an atomically thick active layer. This is attributable in part to the more effective gating achieved with the ion gel over the conventional dielectric back gates and partially by achieving a desirable coherent absorption effect linked to the presence of the thin ion gel that boosts the absorption by 40%.

Electrically tunable coherent optical absorption in graphene with ion gel.

The effect of nanoscale surface roughness on the gap plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on thermally evaporated gold films is investigated experimentally and numerically. Single-particle scattering spectra obtained from 80 nm diameter gold particles on a gold film show significant particle-to-particle variation of the peak scattering wavelength of ±28 nm. The experimental results are compared with numerical simulations of gold nanoparticles positioned on representative rough gold surfaces, modeled based on atomic force microscopy measurements. The predicted spectral variation and average resonance wavelength show good agreement with the measured data. The study shows that nanometer scale surface roughness can significantly affect the performance of gap plasmon-based devices.

Effect of surface roughness on substrate-tuned gold nanoparticle gap plasmon resonances.

In 1934, Wilhelm Woltersdorff demonstrated that the absorption of light in an ultrathin, freestanding film is fundamentally limited to 50%. He concluded that reaching this limit would require a film with a real-valued sheet resistance that is exactly equal to R = η/2 ≈ 188.5Ω/□, where [Formula: see text] is the impedance of free space. This condition can be closely approximated over a wide frequency range in metals that feature a large imaginary relative permittivity εr″, that is, a real-valued conductivity σ = ε0εr″ω. A thin, continuous sheet of semiconductor material does not facilitate such strong absorption as its complex-valued permittivity with both large real and imaginary components preclude effective impedance matching. In this work, we show how a semiconductor metafilm constructed from optically resonant semiconductor nanostructures can be created whose optical response mimics that of a metallic sheet. For this reason, the fundamental absorption limit mentioned above can also be reached with semiconductor materials, opening up new opportunities for the design of ultrathin optoelectronic and light harvesting devices.

Article	Year
Local detection of electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit in metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides. Nature materials\| PubMed ID: 12690394	2003
Numerical study of surface plasmon enhanced nonlinear absorption and refraction. Optics express\| PubMed ID: 18607498	2008
Structural control of nonlinear optical absorption and refraction in dense metal nanoparticle arrays. Optics express\| PubMed ID: 19687981	2009
Near-field enhancement of infrared intensities for f-f transitions in Er3+ ions close to the surface of silicon nanoparticles. Journal of molecular modeling\| PubMed ID: 20490882	2011
Post-fabrication voltage controlled resonance tuning of nanoscale plasmonic antennas. ACS nano\| PubMed ID: 22731808	2012
Catoptric electrodes: transparent metal electrodes using shaped surfaces. Optics letters\| PubMed ID: 25166087	2014
Electrically tunable coherent optical absorption in graphene with ion gel. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 25671369	2015
Effect of surface roughness on substrate-tuned gold nanoparticle gap plasmon resonances. Nanoscale\| PubMed ID: 25672261	2015
Superabsorbing, Artificial Metal Films Constructed from Semiconductor Nanoantennas. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 27149008	2016

Pieter G. Kik

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