adsorption-device-based-on-langatate-crystal-microbalance-for-high

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate ...

University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)

Surface enrichment and depletion effects of ions dissolved in an ionic liquid: an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study.

During the past several years, different kinds of hierarchical structured zeolitic materials have been synthesized due to their highly attractive properties, such as superior mass/heat transfer characteristics, lower restriction of the diffusion of reactants in the mesopores, and low pressure drop. Our contribution provides general information regarding types and preparation methods of hierarchical zeolitic materials and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Thereafter, recent advances in the preparation and characterization of hierarchical zeolitic structures within the crystallites by post-synthetic treatment methods, such as dealumination or desilication; and structured devices by in situ and ex situ zeolite coatings on open-cellular ceramic foams as (non-reactive as well as reactive) supports are highlighted. Specific advantages of using hierarchical zeolitic catalysts/structures in selected catalytic reactions, such as benzene to phenol (BTOP) and methanol to olefins (MTO) are presented.

Zeolitic materials with hierarchical porous structures.

Assemblies of mesoporous FAU-type zeolite nanosheets.

Two types of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been synthesized and evaluated in the separation of C2 and C3 olefins and paraffins. Whereas Co2(dhtp) (=Co-CPO-27 = Co-MOF-74) and Mg2(dhtp) show an adsorption selectivity for the olefins ethene and propene over the paraffins ethane and propane, the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 behaves in the opposite way and preferentially adsorbs the alkane. Consequently, in breakthrough experiments, the olefins or paraffins, respectively, can be separated.

Ethene/ethane and propene/propane separation via the olefin and paraffin selective metal-organic framework adsorbents CPO-27 and ZIF-8.

In this paper the applicability of an in situ ultrasonic diagnostic technique in understanding the formation process of zeolite X with a novel morphology was demonstrated. The complexity of the starting fly ash feedstock demands independent studies of the formation process for each type of zeolite since it is not known whether the crystallization mechanism will always follow the expected reaction pathway. The hierarchical zeolite X was noted to follow a solution phase-mediated crystallization mechanism which differs from earlier studies of the zeolite A formation process from unaged, clear solution extracted from fused fly ash. The use of the in situ ultrasonic monitoring system provided sufficient data points which enabled closer estimation of the time of transition from the nucleation to the crystal growth step. In order to evaluate the effect of temperature on the resulting in situ attenuation signal, synthesis at three higher temperatures (80, 90 and 94 °C) was investigated. It was shown, by the shift of the US-attenuation signal, that faster crystallization occurred when higher temperatures were applied. The novel hierarchical zeolite X was comprised of intergrown disc-like platelets. It was further observed that there was preferential growth of the disc-shaped platelets of zeolite X crystals in one dimension as the synthesis temperature was increased, allowing tailoring of the hierarchical morphology.

In situ ultrasonic diagnostic of zeolite X crystallization with novel (hierarchical) morphology from coal fly ash.

Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion studies are performed by using cyclohexane to probe transport properties in a NaX-type zeolite with a hierarchical pore structure (house-of-cards-like assemblies of mesoporous nanosheets), which is compared with a purely microporous sample. With guest loadings chosen to ensure saturation of the micropores, and the meso- and macropores left essentially unoccupied, guest diffusion is shown to be enhanced by almost one order of magnitude, even at room temperature. Diffusivity enhancement is further increased with increasing temperature, which may, therefore, be unambiguously attributed to the contribution of mass transfer in the meso- and macropores.

Probing mass transfer in mesoporous faujasite-type zeolite nanosheet assemblies.

Layered materials, such as layered sodium silicates and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), are well-known for their remarkable adsorption, intercalation and swelling properties. Their tunable interlayers offer an interesting avenue for the fabrication of pillared nanoporous materials, organic-inorganic hybrid materials and catalysts or catalyst supports. This perspective article provides a summary of the reactivity and applications of layered materials including aluminium-free layered sodium silicates (kanemite, ilerite (RUB-18 or octosilicate) and magadiite) and layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Recent developments in the use of layered sodium silicates as precursors for the preparation of various porous, functional and catalytic materials including zeolites, mesoporous materials, pillared layered silicates, organic-inorganic nanocomposites and synthesis of highly dispersed nanoparticles supported on silica are reviewed in detail. Along this perspective, we have attempted to illustrate the reactivity and transformational potential of LDHs in order to deduce the main differences and similarities between these two types of layered materials.

Reactivity and applications of layered silicates and layered double hydroxides.

An in situ method for the growth of ZnO nanocrystals on Zn/Al mixed metal oxide (MMO) surfaces is presented. The key to this method is the thermal treatment of Zn/Al layered double hydroxides (Zn/Al LDHs) in the presence of nitrate anions, which results in partial demixing of the LDH/MMO structure and the subsequent crystallization of ZnO crystals on the surface of the forming MMO layers. In a first experimental series, thermal treatment of Zn/Al LDHs with different fractions of nitrate and carbonate in the interlayer space was examined by thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and in situ XRD. In a second experimental series, Zn/Al LDHs with only carbonate in the interlayer space were thermally treated in the presence of different amounts of an external nitrate source (NH4NO3). All obtained Zn/Al MMO samples were analysed by electron microscopy, nitrogen physisorption and powder X-ray diffraction. The gas phase formed during nitrate decomposition turned out to be responsible for the formation of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles. Accordingly, both interlayer nitrate and the presence of ammonium nitrate led to the formation of supported ZnO nanocrystals with mean diameters between 100 and 400 nm, and both methods offer the possibility to tailor the amount and size of the ZnO crystals by means of the amount of nitrate.

Thermally induced growth of ZnO nanocrystals on mixed metal oxide surfaces.

Zeolite crystals with an embedded and interconnected macropore system are prepared by using mesoporous silica particles as a silica source and as a sacrificial macroporogen. These novel hierarchical zeolite crystals are expected to reduce diffusion limitations in all zeolite-catalyzed reactions, especially in the transformation of larger molecules like in the catalytic cracking of polymers and the conversion of biomass.

Micro/macroporous system: MFI-type zeolite crystals with embedded macropores.

We examine the route of structural collapse and re-crystallization of faujasite-type (Na,K)-LSX zeolite. As the first step, a rather stable amorphous high density phase HDAcollapse is generated through an order-disorder transition from the original zeolite via a low density phase LDAcollapse, at around 790 °C. We find that the overall amorphization is driven by an increase in the bond angle distribution within T-O-T and a change in ring statistics to 6-membered TO4 (T = Si(4+), Al(3+)) rings at the expense of 4-membered rings. The HDAamorph transforms into crystalline nepheline, though, through an intermediate metastable carnegieite phase. In comparison, the melt-derived glass of similar composition, HDAMQ, crystallizes directly into the nepheline phase without the occurrence of intermediate carnegieite. This is attributed to the higher structural order of the faujasite-derived HDAcollapse which prefers the re-crystallization into the highly symmetric carnegieite phase before transformation into nepheline with lower symmetry.

Thermal collapse and hierarchy of polymorphs in a faujasite-type zeolite and its analogous melt-quenched glass.

'Hierarchy' is a property which can be attributed to a manifold of different immaterial systems, such as ideas, items and organisations or material ones like biological systems within living organisms or artificial, man-made constructions. The property 'hierarchy' is mainly characterised by a certain ordering of individual elements relative to each other, often in combination with a certain degree of branching. Especially mass-flow related systems in the natural environment feature special hierarchically branched patterns. This review is a survey into the world of hierarchical systems with special focus on hierarchically porous zeolite materials. A classification of hierarchical porosity is proposed based on the flow distribution pattern within the respective pore systems. In addition, this review might serve as a toolbox providing several synthetic and post-synthetic strategies to prepare zeolitic or zeolite containing material with tailored hierarchical porosity. Very often, such strategies with their underlying principles were developed for improving the performance of the final materials in different technical applications like adsorptive or catalytic processes. In the present review, besides on the hierarchically porous all-zeolite material, special focus is laid on the preparation of zeolitic composite materials with hierarchical porosity capable to face the demands of industrial application.

Hierarchy concepts: classification and preparation strategies for zeolite containing materials with hierarchical porosity.

Hierarchical zeolites have received increasing attention in the last decade due to their outstanding catalytic performance. Several types of hierarchical zeolites can be prepared by a large number of different techniques. Hierarchical zeolites combine the intrinsic catalytic properties of conventional zeolites and the facilitated access and transport in the additional meso- or macropore system. In this tutorial review, we discuss several test reactions that have been explored to show the benefit of the hierarchical pore system with respect to their suitability to prove the positive effects of hierarchical porous zeolites. It is important to note that positive effects on activity, stability and less frequently selectivity observed for hierarchically structured catalysts not necessarily are only a consequence of the additional meso- or macropores but also the number, strength and location of active sites as well as defects and impurities. With regard to these aspects, the test reaction has to be chosen carefully and potential changes in the chemistry of the catalyst have to be considered as well. In addition to the determination of conversion, yield and selectivity, we will show that the calculation of the activation energy and the determination of the Thiele modulus and the effectiveness factor are good indicators of the presence or absence of diffusion limitations in hierarchical zeolites compared to their parent materials.

Article	Year
Surface enrichment and depletion effects of ions dissolved in an ionic liquid: an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\| PubMed ID: 17061300	2006
Zeolitic materials with hierarchical porous structures. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)\| PubMed ID: 21495091	2011
Assemblies of mesoporous FAU-type zeolite nanosheets. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)\| PubMed ID: 22250007	2012
Ethene/ethane and propene/propane separation via the olefin and paraffin selective metal-organic framework adsorbents CPO-27 and ZIF-8. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 23802617	2013
In situ ultrasonic diagnostic of zeolite X crystallization with novel (hierarchical) morphology from coal fly ash. Ultrasonics\| PubMed ID: 24008172	2014
Probing mass transfer in mesoporous faujasite-type zeolite nanosheet assemblies. Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry\| PubMed ID: 24652677	2014
Reactivity and applications of layered silicates and layered double hydroxides. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)\| PubMed ID: 24841986	2014
Thermally induced growth of ZnO nanocrystals on mixed metal oxide surfaces. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)\| PubMed ID: 24891038	2014
Micro/macroporous system: MFI-type zeolite crystals with embedded macropores. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)\| PubMed ID: 25535114	2015
Thermal collapse and hierarchy of polymorphs in a faujasite-type zeolite and its analogous melt-quenched glass. The Journal of chemical physics\| PubMed ID: 25725741	2015
Hierarchy concepts: classification and preparation strategies for zeolite containing materials with hierarchical porosity. Chemical Society reviews\| PubMed ID: 26477329	2016
Catalytic test reactions for the evaluation of hierarchical zeolites. Chemical Society reviews\| PubMed ID: 26983374	2016
Hierarchically-structured porous materials: from basic understanding to applications. Chemical Society reviews\| PubMed ID: 27291061	2016

Wilhelm Schwieger

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