ultrasound-guided-botulinum-toxin-injections-method-treating

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Neurological diseases can be complicated by sialorrhea, an excessive flow of saliva. Patients suffering from moderate to severe sialorrhea have an ...

University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital

The three interferon beta preparations approved for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) differ in dose and frequency of administration. Interferon beta-1a 30 microg is administered once a week, interferon beta-1a 22 microg or 44 microg is given three times a week, and interferon beta-1b 250 microg is administered on alternate days. No clinical study directly comparing the different regimens has been published. The INCOMIN study was designed to compare the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) benefits of on-alternate-day interferon beta-1b 250 microg with once-weekly interferon beta-1a 30 microg.

Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN).

The authors investigated the impact of IVIg as first line treatment of diabetic patients suffering from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) concomitant with distal symmetric axonal polyneuropathy. Nine patients with these clinical and electrophysiological features were treated with IVIg (0.4 g/Kg/day for 5 days). Clinical and electrophysiological evaluations were performed before and after treatment. Following IVIg treatment there was no significant improvement in clinical deficit. However, there was a significant and persistent decrease in the Rankin scale score and an improvement in the demyelinating feature on nerve conduction studies. Our findings suggest that IVIg had small but detectable beneficial effects on diabetic patients with CIDP and a high degree of axonal damage.

Intravenous immunoglobulin as first treatment in diabetics with concomitant distal symmetric axonal polyneuropathy and CIDP.

Re: Vartanian T. An examination of the results of the EVIDENCE, INCOMIN, and phase III studies of interferon beta products in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther. 2003;25:105-118.

Long-term trials have demonstrated the continued efficacy of interferon (IFN) beta treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) during prolonged administration. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of reducing IFN beta administration frequency and total weekly dose in patients with RR MS who have achieved clinical and MRI disease activity stabilization during long-term IFN beta-1b treatment. Prospective 1-year follow-up of 27 RR MS patients on long-term 250 microg every other day (standard dose) IFN beta-1b treatment were randomized either to gradually reduce dose to 30 microg once-a-week IFN beta-1a (13 patients), or to continue on IFN beta-1b standard dose (14 patients). We found significant differences in the two group of patients. In the group of patients continuously treated with IFN beta-1b standard dose, 79% remained relapse free compared to 23% in the group receiving once-weekly IFN beta-1a (p=0.006). The number of patients without new PD/T2 lesions was higher in the group of patients continuously treated with IFN beta-1b standard dose (77%) compared to the once-weekly IFN beta-1a group (23%) (p=0.04). IFN beta is a long-term treatment for MS. The reduction of IFN beta-1b administration frequency and dose is not advisable even in patients free from clinical and MRI disease activity for many years.

High-dose, frequently administered interferon beta therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis must be maintained over the long term: the interferon beta dose-reduction study.

A randomized study of two interferon-beta treatments in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Adherence to long-term therapy has always been a problem in all fields of medicine. In multiple sclerosis (MS), treatment consists of parenteral administration of immune-modulating drugs once or several times weekly for an as yet undetermined length of time. Different studies on the MS patients' compliance showed that the most frequent cause of stopping treatment is the perceived lack of efficacy and that most treatment withdrawals occur during the first year of treatment. A trial aimed to identify the minimum effective IFNbeta dose showed that some patients had disease activity after switching to a lower IFNbeta dose. OPTIMS (OPTimization of Interferon dose for MS study) was a multicenter study, involving 24 Italian MS centers, 216 patients, aimed to identify a treatment response indicator allowing the early identification of poorly responding patients. A single active scan during the first 6 months of IFN treatment had a significant positive predictability of 59% (95% confidence interval, 41-76; p=0.05) on the presence of clinical signs of disease activity during the further 2-year follow-up.

Adherence to interferon-beta treatment and results of therapy switching.

We aimed to evaluate the safety and MRI efficacy of interferon beta-1b (IFNbeta-1b) 375 microg (subcutaneously [sc] every other day [eod]) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients with a suboptimal response to IFNbeta-1b 250 microg, i.e., with MRI activity or relapses. The OPTimization of Interferon for MS (OPTIMS) study was a prospective multicenter randomized phase 2 trial comprising a 6-month run-in phase (to identify suboptimal responders) and a 6-month randomized phase of open-label clinical and blinded MRI follow-up. During run-in all patients were treated with IFNbeta-1b 250 microg sc eod; during the study phase suboptimal treatment responders were randomized either to IFNbeta-1b 250 or 375 microg sc eod. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients without MRI activity during study Months 9-12 according to the intention-to-treat principle. 216 RRMS patients entered the study: 83 suboptimal responders were identified and randomized, 7 refused to continue treatment, 76 were included in the analysis. More patients treated with 375 microg had no MRI activity at Months 9-12 (30/36 vs.16/40; relative risk, 0.28; 95 % confidence interval, 0.08-0.47; p = 0.0001). Sensitivity analysis ("worst case scenario") confirmed the results. No new or unexpected adverse events were observed, but there was a trend towards more withdrawals in the 375 microg group. Increasing the dose of IFNbeta-1b from 250 microg to 375 microg is a successful strategy for reducing subclinical signs of disease activity in RRMS patients. Further studies are needed to show whether this dose may also improve clinical efficacy.

The OPTimization of interferon for MS study: 375 microg interferon beta-1b in suboptimal responders.

Of 37 multiple sclerosis patients, 19 suboptimal responders were randomized to 375 (n=12) or 250µg (n=7) interferon (IFN)-β-1b. mRNA levels of 23 cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors were quantified by TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) real-time polymerase chain reaction. Better treatment responses or increased IFN-β doses were associated with elevated IL-10 and TGF-β and decreased CXCL10, IL-18, IFN-γ, and TNF-α transcript levels. Adjusting for dose, poor treatment responses resulted in a 4-fold increase in CXCL10 and IFN-γ expression (Mantel-Haenszel RR=3.74, p<0.0001). CXCL10 and IFN-γ mRNA levels were reliable indicators of treatment response. TLDA can be used to tailor IFN-β-1b therapy.

Pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA blood level in multiple sclerosis is related to treatment response and interferon-beta dose.

Literature provides reports only of a limited follow-up single injection of botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) in patients with sialorrhea. The aim of our study is to evaluate the long-lasting efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided BoNT-A injections for severe sialorrhea secondary to neurological dysphagia. We enrolled 38 severe adult sialorrhea patients referred consecutively to the neurology unit and performed bilateral parotid and submandibular gland BoNT-A injections under ultrasound guidance. The outcomes of the study were reduction of sialorrhea, duration of therapeutic effect, and subjective patient- and caregiver-reported satisfaction. A total of 113 BoNT-A administrations were given during the study period with a mean duration of follow-up of 20.2 ± 4.4 months. We observed a significant decrease from baseline in mean number of daily aspirations and a significant improvement in patient- and caregiver-reported outcomes following ultrasound-guided BoNT-A injections (p < 0.001 vs baseline for all comparisons) and the mean duration of the efficacy was 5.6 ± 1 months. No major treatment-related adverse events occurred and a low incidence of minor adverse events was reported. This study confirms the long-lasting efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided BoNT-A injections for sialorrhea, regardless of the causative neurological disorder. These results should encourage the use of BoNT-A in the treatment of severe sialorrhea and highlight the role of ultrasound guidance to obtain optimal results in terms of safety and reproducible outcomes.

Article	Year
Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet (London, England)\| PubMed ID: 11988242	2002
Intravenous immunoglobulin as first treatment in diabetics with concomitant distal symmetric axonal polyneuropathy and CIDP. Journal of neurology\| PubMed ID: 12111305	2002
Re: Vartanian T. An examination of the results of the EVIDENCE, INCOMIN, and phase III studies of interferon beta products in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther. 2003;25:105-118. Clinical therapeutics\| PubMed ID: 12868445	2003
High-dose, frequently administered interferon beta therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis must be maintained over the long term: the interferon beta dose-reduction study. Journal of the neurological sciences\| PubMed ID: 15240190	2004
A randomized study of two interferon-beta treatments in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology\| PubMed ID: 17190964	2006
Adherence to interferon-beta treatment and results of therapy switching. Journal of the neurological sciences\| PubMed ID: 17376486	2007
The OPTimization of interferon for MS study: 375 microg interferon beta-1b in suboptimal responders. Journal of neurology\| PubMed ID: 18825438	2008
Pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA blood level in multiple sclerosis is related to treatment response and interferon-beta dose. Journal of neuroimmunology\| PubMed ID: 20573405	2010
Long-term follow-up of ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin-A injections for sialorrhea in neurological dysphagia. Journal of neurology\| PubMed ID: 26410746	2015

Pierangelo Barbero

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