the-capillary-feeder-assay-measures-food-intake-drosophila

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of ...

Albertus-Magnus University of Cologne

Memories can have different strengths, largely dependent on the intensity of reinforcers encountered. The relationship between reinforcement and memory strength is evident in asymptotic memory curves, with the level of the asymptote related to the intensity of the reinforcer. Although this is likely a fundamental property of memory formation, relatively little is known of how memory strength is determined. Memory performance at different levels in Drosophila can be measured in an operant heat-box conditioning paradigm. In this spatial learning paradigm, flies learn and remember to avoid one-half of a dark chamber associated with a temperature outside of the preferred range. The reinforcement temperature has a strong effect on the level of learning in wild-type flies, with higher temperatures inducing stronger memories. Additionally, two mutations alter memory-acquisition curves, either changing acquisition rate or asymptotic memory level. The rutabaga mutation, affecting a type-1 adenylyl cyclase, decreases the acquisition rate. In contrast, the white mutation, modifying an ABC transporter, limits asymptotic memory. The white mutation does not negatively affect classical olfactory conditioning but actually improves performance at low reinforcement levels. Thus, memory acquisition/memory strength and classical olfactory/operant spatial memories can be genetically dissociated. A conceptual model of operant conditioning and the levels at which rutabaga and white influence conditioning is proposed.

Genetic dissociation of acquisition and memory strength in the heat-box spatial learning paradigm in Drosophila.

The ad hoc genetic correlation between ethanol sensitivity and learning mechanisms in Drosophila could overemphasize a common process supporting both behaviors. To challenge directly the hypothesis that these mechanisms are singular, we examined the learning phenotypes of 10 new strains. Five of these have increased ethanol sensitivity, and the other 5 do not. We tested place and olfactory memory in each of these lines and found two new learning mutations. In one case, altering the tribbles gene, flies have a significantly reduced place memory, elevated olfactory memory, and normal ethanol response. In the second case, mutation of a gene we name ethanol sensitive with low memory (elm), place memory was not altered, olfactory memory was sharply reduced, and sensitivity to ethanol was increased. In sum, however, we found no overall correlation between ethanol sensitivity and place memory in the 10 lines tested. Furthermore, there was a weak but nonsignificant correlation between ethanol sensitivity and olfactory learning. Thus, mutations that alter learning and sensitivity to ethanol can occur independently of each other and this implies that the set of genes important for both ethanol sensitivity and learning is likely a subset of the genes important for either process.

Genetic dissociation of ethanol sensitivity and memory formation in Drosophila melanogaster.

Studies on the formation of connections in the developing nervous system are greatly aided by methods that permit the differential visualisation and manipulation of pre- and postsynaptic partner neurons. This has been facilitated by the advent of the LexA-based, GAL4/UAS-independent, binary expression system. On the molecular side, the introduction of DNA sequences into expression vectors has been simplified by the Invitrogen Gateway cloning technology. We have developed cloning vectors that combine the Gateway cloning technology with the LexA-based genetic expression system. These vectors facilitate the creation of driver and reporter constructs for the generation of Drosophila transgenic lines for the new LexA-based binary transcriptional system. We further report a new LexA::GAD sensory neuron driver and a red fluorescent membrane targeted lexAop reporter designed to complement the existing GFP-based lexAop reporter. Using these transgenic lines we have been able to differentially label motor and sensory neuron projections in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila larvae.

Gateway cloning vectors for the LexA-based binary expression system in Drosophila.

Olfactory neuropiles across different phyla organize into glomerular structures where afferents from a single olfactory receptor class synapse with uniglomerular projecting interneurons. In adult Drosophila, olfactory projection interneurons, partially instructed by the larval olfactory system laid down during embryogenesis, pattern the developing antennal lobe prior to the ingrowth of afferents. In vertebrates it is the afferents that initiate and regulate the development of the first olfactory neuropile. Here we investigate for the first time the embryonic assembly of the Drosophila olfactory network. We use dye injection and genetic labelling to show that during embryogenesis, afferent ingrowth pioneers the development of the olfactory lobe. With a combination of laser ablation experiments and electrophysiological recording from living embryos, we show that olfactory lobe development depends sequentially on contact-mediated and activity-dependent interactions and reveal an unpredicted degree of similarity between the olfactory system development of vertebrates and that of the Drosophila embryo. Our electrophysiological investigation is also the first systematic study of the onset and developmental maturation of normal patterns of spontaneous activity in olfactory sensory neurons, and we uncover some of the mechanisms regulating its dynamics. We find that as development proceeds, activity patterns change, in a way that favours information transfer, and that this change is in part driven by the expression of olfactory receptors. Our findings show an unexpected similarity between the early development of olfactory networks in Drosophila and vertebrates and demonstrate developmental mechanisms that can lead to an improved coding capacity in olfactory neurons.

Embryonic origin of olfactory circuitry in Drosophila: contact and activity-mediated interactions pattern connectivity in the antennal lobe.

Olfactory sensory neurons connect to the antennal lobe of the fly to create the primary units for processing odor cues, the glomeruli. Unique amongst antennal-lobe neurons is an identified wide-field serotonergic neuron, the contralaterally-projecting, serotonin-immunoreactive deutocerebral neuron (CSDn). The CSDn spreads its termini all over the contralateral antennal lobe, suggesting a diffuse neuromodulatory role. A closer examination, however, reveals a restricted pattern of the CSDn arborization in some glomeruli. We show that sensory neuron-derived Eph interacts with Ephrin in the CSDn, to regulate these arborizations. Behavioural analysis of animals with altered Eph-ephrin signaling and with consequent arborization defects suggests that neuromodulation requires local glomerular-specific patterning of the CSDn termini. Our results show the importance of developmental regulation of terminal arborization of even the diffuse modulatory neurons to allow them to route sensory-inputs according to the behavioural contexts.

Sensory neuron-derived eph regulates glomerular arbors and modulatory function of a central serotonergic neuron.

Much of our understanding of how neural networks develop is based on studies of sensory systems, revealing often highly stereotyped patterns of connections, particularly as these diverge from the presynaptic terminals of sensory neurons. We know considerably less about the wiring strategies of motor networks, where connections converge onto the dendrites of motoneurons. Here, we investigated patterns of synaptic connections between identified motoneurons with sensory neurons and interneurons in the motor network of the Drosophila larva and how these change as it develops.

Article	Year
Genetic dissociation of acquisition and memory strength in the heat-box spatial learning paradigm in Drosophila. Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 16418434	2006
Genetic dissociation of ethanol sensitivity and memory formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics\| PubMed ID: 18430923	2008
Gateway cloning vectors for the LexA-based binary expression system in Drosophila. Fly\| PubMed ID: 18776741	2008
Embryonic origin of olfactory circuitry in Drosophila: contact and activity-mediated interactions pattern connectivity in the antennal lobe. PLoS biology\| PubMed ID: 23055825	2012
Sensory neuron-derived eph regulates glomerular arbors and modulatory function of a central serotonergic neuron. PLoS genetics\| PubMed ID: 23637622	2013
Development of connectivity in a motoneuronal network in Drosophila larvae. Current biology : CB\| PubMed ID: 25702582	2015

Soeren Diegelmann

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