a-co-culture-method-to-investigate-crosstalk-between-x-ray-irradiated

A Co-culture Method to Investigate the Crosstalk Between X-ray Irradiated Caco-2 Cells and PBMC

The protocol adopted in this work aims at unraveling how X-rays perturb the functioning of the intestinal barrier, focusing on the interplay between ...

Università degli Studi di Pavia

Some chromosome aberration types, generally translocations, are correlated with specific cancers. An example is provided by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, most of which carry a translocation involving the ABL gene on chromosome 9 and the BCR gene on chromosome 22. The hypothesis of a causal relationship between CML and the chimeric protein product of the BCR-ABL translocation has recently received strong support. In this framework, a mechanistic model and Monte-Carlo code simulating radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes will be presented. The current version of the model can predict dose-response curves for the main aberration types following acute irradiation with gamma rays and light ions of different energies. The model is based on the assumption that only clustered DNA lesions can lead to aberrations and that only lesion free ends in neighbouring chromosome territories can join and form exchanges. Such lesions are distributed within the cell nucleus according to the radiation track structure, i.e. randomly for low-LET radiation and along straight lines for high-LET light ions. Interphase chromosome territories are explicitly simulated and background aberrations are taken into account. Very good agreement was found with experimental data taken from the literature that provided a further validation of the model. As an application, yields of BCR-ABL translocations were calculated. Preliminary results led to a CML induction dose-response that is approximately quadratic below 0.1 Gy and essentially linear at higher doses up to 1 Gy. The numerical values obtained for the probability of CML induction are consistent with values obtained by other groups with different approaches.

A model of chromosome aberration induction and chronic myeloid leukaemia incidence at low doses.

Theoretical models and Monte Carlo simulations were developed, aimed to investigate the role played by the organisation of interphase DNA and the environmental scavenging capacity conditions in the induction of radiobiological damage.

Role of DNA organisation and environmental scavenging capacity in the evolution of radiobiological damage: models and simulations.

To clarify the experimental conditions that might influence the release of cytokines in the culture medium and give some basic input for building a model for cytokine (e.g., Interleukin-6, IL-6) regulation in the case of 'sham irradiation' and after ionising radiation exposure.

Experimental and theoretical analysis of cytokine release for the study of radiation-induced bystander effect.

Cell-to-cell signaling has become a significant issue in radiation biology due to experimental evidence, accumulated primarily since the early 1990s, of radiation-induced bystander effects. Several candidate mediators involved in cell-to-cell communication have been investigated and proposed as being responsible for this phenomenon, but the current investigation techniques (both theoretical and experimental) of the mechanisms involved, due to the particular set-up of each experiment, result in experimental data that often are not directly comparable. In this study, a comprehensive approach was adopted to describe cell-to-cell communication (focusing on cytokine signaling) and its modulation by external agents such as ionizing radiation. The aim was also to provide integrated theoretical instruments and experimental data to help in understanding the peculiarities of in vitro experiments. Theoretical/modeling activities were integrated with experimental measurements by (1) redesigning a cybernetic model (proposed in its original form in the 1950s) to frame cell-to-cell communication processes, (2) implementing and developing a mathematical model, and (3) designing and carrying out experiments to quantify key parameters involved in intercellular signaling (focusing as a pilot study on the release and decay of IL-6 molecules and their modulation by radiation). This formalization provides an interpretative framework for understanding the intercellular signaling and in particular for focusing on the study of cell-to-cell communication in a "step-by-step" approach. Under this model, the complex phenomenon of signal transmission was reduced where possible into independent processes to investigate them separately, providing an evaluation of the role of cell communication to guarantee and maintain the robustness of the in vitro experimental systems against the effects of perturbations.

Effects of ionizing radiation on cell-to-cell communication.

The role of track structures for understanding the biological effects of radiation has been the subject of research activities for decades. The physics that describes such processes is the core Monte Carlo codes, such as the biophysical PARTRAC (PARticle TRACks) code described in this review, which follow the mechanisms of radiation-matter interaction from the early stage. In this paper a review of the track structure theory (and of its possible extension concerning non-DNA targets) is presented.

Track structure, radiation quality and initial radiobiological events: considerations based on the PARTRAC code experience.

The normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models that are currently being proposed for estimation of risk of harm following radiotherapy are mainly based on simplified empirical models, consisting of dose distribution parameters, possibly combined with clinical or other treatment-related factors. These are fitted to data from retrospective or prospective clinical studies. Although these models sometimes provide useful guidance for clinical practice, their predictive power on individuals seems to be limited. This paper examines the radiobiological mechanisms underlying the most important complications induced by radiotherapy, with the aim of identifying the essential parameters and functional relationships needed for effective predictive NTCP models. The clinical features of the complications are identified and reduced as much as possible into component parts. In a second step, experimental and clinical data are considered in order to identify the gross anatomical structures involved, and which dose distributions lead to these complications. Finally, the pathogenic pathways and cellular and more specific anatomical parameters that have to be considered in this pathway are determined. This analysis is carried out for some of the most critical organs and sites in radiotherapy, i.e. spinal cord, lung, rectum, oropharynx and heart. Signs and symptoms of severe late normal tissue complications present a very variable picture in the different organs at risk. Only in rare instances is the entire organ the critical target which elicits the particular complication. Moreover, the biological mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis differ between the different complications, even in the same organ. Different mechanisms are likely to be related to different shapes of dose effect relationships and different relationships between dose per fraction, dose rate, and overall treatment time and effects. There is good reason to conclude that each type of late complication after radiotherapy depends on its own specific mechanism which is triggered by the radiation exposure of particular structures or sub-volumes of (or related to) the respective organ at risk. Hence each complication will need the development of an NTCP model designed to accommodate this structure.

Biological mechanisms of normal tissue damage: importance for the design of NTCP models.

Radiation therapy is one of the most common and effective strategies used to treat cancer. The irradiation is usually performed with a fractionated scheme, where the dose required to kill tumour cells is given in several sessions, spaced by specific time intervals, to allow healthy tissue recovery. In this work, we examined the DNA repair dynamics of cells exposed to radiation delivered in fractions, by assessing the response of histone-2AX (H2AX) phosphorylation (γ-H2AX), a marker of DNA double strand breaks. γ-H2AX foci induction and disappearance were monitored following split dose irradiation experiments in which time interval between exposure and dose were varied. Experimental data have been coupled to an analytical theoretical model, in order to quantify key parameters involved in the foci induction process. Induction of γ-H2AX foci was found to be affected by the initial radiation exposure with a smaller number of foci induced by subsequent exposures. This was compared to chromatin relaxation and cell survival. The time needed for full recovery of γ-H2AX foci induction was quantified (12 hours) and the 1:1 relationship between radiation induced DNA double strand breaks and foci numbers was critically assessed in the multiple irradiation scenarios.

Article	Year
A model of chromosome aberration induction and chronic myeloid leukaemia incidence at low doses. Radiation and environmental biophysics\| PubMed ID: 15309385	2004
Role of DNA organisation and environmental scavenging capacity in the evolution of radiobiological damage: models and simulations. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology\| PubMed ID: 15971336	2004
Experimental and theoretical analysis of cytokine release for the study of radiation-induced bystander effect. International journal of radiation biology\| PubMed ID: 19637080	2009
Effects of ionizing radiation on cell-to-cell communication. Radiation research\| PubMed ID: 20726722	2010
Track structure, radiation quality and initial radiobiological events: considerations based on the PARTRAC code experience. International journal of radiation biology\| PubMed ID: 21957961	2012
Biological mechanisms of normal tissue damage: importance for the design of NTCP models. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology\| PubMed ID: 22748390	2012
Use of the γ-H2AX assay to investigate DNA repair dynamics following multiple radiation exposures. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 24312182	2013

Andrea Ottolenghi

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