color-spot-test-as-presumptive-tool-for-rapid-detection-synthetic

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and ...

University of Technology Sydney (UTS)

&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x5FEB;&#x901F;&#x63D0;&#x53D6;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x5C3F;&#x4EE3;&#x8C22;&#x4EA7;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x9EBB;&#xFF0C;11-&#x4E5F;-&#x4E09;&#x89D2;&#x6D32; (9)-&#x56DB;&#x6C22;&#x5927;&#x9EBB;&#x915A;-9-&#x7FA7;&#x9178; &#xFF08;&#x56DB;&#x6C22;&#x5927;&#x9EBB;&#x915A;-&#x4E8C;&#x7518;&#x9187;&#xFF09; &#x5236;&#x5B9A;&#x56DB;&#x63A2;&#x9488;&#x5409;&#x5C14;&#x68EE;&#x56FA;&#x76F8;&#x8403;&#x53D6; XL4trade &#x9A6C;&#x514B;&#x56FA;&#x76F8;&#x8403;&#x53D6; (SPE) &#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E0A;&#x3002;&#x8BE5;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x5728;&#x6DB2;&#x6DB2;&#x8403;&#x53D6;&#x539F;&#x5219;&#x4E0A;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5E76;&#x4E0D;&#x8981;&#x6C42; SPE &#x58A8;&#x76D2;&#x7684;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x68C0;&#x6D4B;&#x548C;&#x5B9A;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x9650;&#x5EA6;&#x548C;&#x53D1;&#x8FBE;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x7684;&#x7EBF;&#x6027; &#xFF08;ULOL&#xFF09; &#x7684;&#x4E0A;&#x9650;&#x5206;&#x522B;&#x4E3A; 1&#x3001; 2 &#x548C; 1500 &#x5434;/&#x6BEB;&#x5347;&#x3002;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x63A2;&#x6D4B;&#x643A;&#x5E26;&#x540E; 10,000 ng/mL &#x5206;&#x6790;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x6279; 76 &#x6837;&#x672C;&#xFF0C;&#x8BE5;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5C11;&#x4E8E; 100 &#x6BEB;&#x5347;&#x7532;&#x9187;&#x3001; 450 &#x6BEB;&#x5347;&#x63D0;&#x53D6;&#x6EB6;&#x5242;&#x6B63;&#x5DF1;&#x70F7;/&#x4E59;&#x57FA;&#x918B;&#x9178; (5:1&#xFF0C;v/v) &#x548C; 1 L &#x6E05;&#x6D17;&#x6EB6;&#x5242;&#xFF0C;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D; 30%&#x7684;&#x7532;&#x9187;&#x3002;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x63D0;&#x53D6;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x53EA;&#x9700; 5 &#x5C0F;&#x65F6;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x3002;&#x7CBE;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x548C;&#x51C6;&#x786E;&#x5EA6;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x53EF;&#x5AB2;&#x7F8E;&#x624B;&#x52A8;&#x6DB2;&#x6DB2;&#x8403;&#x53D6;&#x548C;&#x56FA;&#x76F8;&#x8403;&#x53D6;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x5316;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;&#x8BE5;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x5DF2;&#x88AB;&#x8BC1;&#x660E;&#x662F;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x3001; &#x8FC5;&#x901F;&#x3001; &#x7ECF;&#x6D4E;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x548C;&#x66FF;&#x4EE3;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x6D41;&#x884C;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x56FA;&#x76F8;&#x8403;&#x53D6;&#x5C3F;&#x8D27;&#x67DC;&#x7801;&#x5934;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x8D39;&#x4E8C;&#x7518;&#x9187;&#x7684;&#x5B9A;&#x91CF;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3002;

&#x65B0;&#x578B;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x63D0;&#x53D6;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x5B9A;&#x91CF;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x7684;&#x5C3F; 11-&#x4E5F;-&#x4E09;&#x89D2;&#x6D32; (9)-&#x56DB;&#x6C22;&#x5927;&#x9EBB;&#x915A;-9-&#x7FA7;&#x9178; (&#x4E8C;&#x7518;&#x9187;&#x8D27;&#x67DC;&#x7801;&#x5934;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x8D39;&#xFF09;&#x3002;

An automated extraction method for extracting the major urinary metabolite of cannabis, 11-nor-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) was developed on the four-probe Gilson ASPEC XL4trade mark solid-phase extraction (SPE) system. The method works on liquid-liquid extraction principles but does not require the use of SPE cartridges. The limits of detection and quantitation and the upper limit of linearity (ULOL) of the developed method were found to be 1, 2, and 1,500 ng/mL, respectively. There was no detectable carry over after 10,000 ng/mL analyte. For a batch of 76 samples, the process uses less than 100 mL methanol, 450 mL extracting solvent hexane/ethyl acetate (5:1, v/v) and 1 L rinsing solvent, 30% methanol in water. The automated extraction process takes 5 h to complete. Precision and accuracy of the method are comparable to both manual liquid-liquid extraction and automated SPE methods. The method has proven to be a simple, speedy, and economical alternative to the currently popular automated SPE method for the quantitative analysis of urinary THC-COOH.

Novel automated extraction method for quantitative analysis of urinary 11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH).

Une m&#xE9;thode d&#x26;#39;extraction automatis&#xE9;e pour l&#x26;#39;extraction du principal m&#xE9;tabolite urinaire de cannabis, 11-nor-delta (9)-t&#xE9;trahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylique (THC-COOH) a &#xE9;t&#xE9; d&#xE9;velopp&#xE9; sur les quatre-sonde Gilson ASPEC XL4trade marque extraction en phase solide (SPE ) du syst&#xE8;me. La m&#xE9;thode fonctionne sur les principes d&#x26;#39;extraction liquide-liquide, mais ne n&#xE9;cessite pas l&#x26;#39;utilisation de cartouches SPE. Les limites de d&#xE9;tection et la quantification et la limite sup&#xE9;rieure de lin&#xE9;arit&#xE9; (ULOL) de la m&#xE9;thode d&#xE9;velopp&#xE9;e ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; trouv&#xE9;s &#xE0; 1, 2, et 1500 ng / mL, respectivement. Il n&#x26;#39;y avait pas d&#xE9;tectable par rapport au report apr&#xE8;s 10.000 ng / ml analyte. Pour un lot de 76 &#xE9;chantillons, le processus utilise moins de 100 ml de m&#xE9;thanol, 450 ml d&#x26;#39;extraction de solvant d&#x26;#39;hexane / ac&#xE9;tate d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;thyle (5:1, v / v) et 1 litre solvant de rin&#xE7;age, le m&#xE9;thanol de 30% dans l&#x26;#39;eau. Le processus d&#x26;#39;extraction automatis&#xE9;e prend 5 h pour terminer. Pr&#xE9;cision et l&#x26;#39;exactitude de la m&#xE9;thode sont comparables &#xE0; la fois manuel extraction liquide-liquide et les m&#xE9;thodes SPE automatis&#xE9;s. La m&#xE9;thode s&#x26;#39;est av&#xE9;r&#xE9;e &#xEA;tre une alternative simple, rapide et &#xE9;conomique de la m&#xE9;thode SPE automatis&#xE9; actuellement populaire pour l&#x26;#39;analyse quantitative de l&#x26;#39;excr&#xE9;tion urinaire du THC-COOH.

Nouvelle m&#xE9;thode d&#x26;#39;extraction automatis&#xE9;e pour l&#x26;#39;analyse quantitative des urinaire 11-nor-delta (9)-t&#xE9;trahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylique (THC-COOH)

Eine automatisierte Extraktionsmethode zum Extrahieren des Harn wichtigen Stoffwechselproduktes von Cannabis, 11-noch-Delta (9) - Tetrahydrocannabinol - 9-Carbons&auml;ure (THC-COOH) entwickelte sich auf dem vier-Probe Gilson ASPEC XL4trade Mark Festphasen-Extraktion (SPE) System. Die Methode funktioniert &uuml;ber Fl&uuml;ssig-Fl&uuml;ssig-Extraktion Grunds&auml;tze aber erfordert nicht den mit dem Einsatz der SPE. Die Grenzen der Erkennung und Quantifizierung und die obere Grenze der Linearit&auml;t (ULOL) der entwickelten Methode wurden gefunden, um sein 1, 2 und 1.500 ng/mL, beziehungsweise. Es gab keine nachweisbaren tragen &uuml;ber nach 10.000 ng/mL Analyten. F&uuml;r eine Ladung von 76 Proben verwendet der Prozess weniger als 100 mL Methanol, 450 mL extrahieren L&ouml;sungsmittel Hexan/Ethylacetat (5:1, V/V) und 1 L L&ouml;sungsmittel, 30 % Methanol in Wasser sp&uuml;len. Das automatisierte Extraktion dauert 5 Stunden in Anspruch. Pr&auml;zision und Genauigkeit der Methode sind manuelle Fl&uuml;ssig-Fl&uuml;ssig-Extraktion und automatisierte SPE Methoden vergleichbar. Die Methode erweist sich eine einfache, schnelle, und wirtschaftliche Alternative zu den derzeit beliebte automatisierte SPE-Methode der quantitativen Analyse von Urin THC-COOH.

Roman automatisierte Extraktionsmethode f&uuml;r Quantitative Analyse der Harnwege 11-noch-Delta (9) - Tetrahydrocannabinol - 9-Carbons&auml;ure (THC-COOH).

Un metodo di estrazione automatizzata per estrarre il principale metabolita urinario della cannabis, 11-n&eacute;-Delta (9) - tetraidrocannabinolo - 9-acido carbossilico (THC-COOH) &egrave; stato sviluppato il sistema quattro-sonda Gilson ASPEC XL4trade mark solid-phase extraction (SPE). Il metodo funziona su principi di estrazione liquido-liquido, ma non richiede l&#39;utilizzo di cartucce SPE. I limiti di rilevamento e la quantificazione e il limite di linearit&agrave; (ULOL) del metodo sviluppato sono stati trovati per essere 1, 2 e 1.500 ng/mL, rispettivamente. Non c&#39;era nessun rilevabile carry over dopo 10.000 ng/mL analita. Per un lotto di 76 campioni, il processo utilizza meno di 100 mL di metanolo, 450 mL estrazione solvente esano/etile acetato (5:1, v/v) e 1 L di solvente, 30% metanolo in acqua di risciacquo. Il processo di estrazione automatizzata prende 5 h per completare. Precisione e accuratezza del metodo sono paragonabili per estrazione liquido-liquido manuale sia automatizzati metodi SPE. Il metodo ha dimostrato di essere un semplice, veloce ed economica alternativa al metodo SPE automatizzato attualmente popolare per l&#39;analisi quantitativa di THC-COOH urinaria.

Romanzo automatizzato metodo di estrazione per analisi quantitativa di urinaria 11-n&eacute;-delta (9) - tetraidrocannabinolo - 9-acido carbossilico (THC-COOH).

&#x5927;&#x9EBB;&#x306E;&#x4EE3;&#x8B1D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x5C3F;&#x4E2D;&#x3001;11  - &#x30CE;&#x30EB; - &#x30C7;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#xFF08;9&#xFF09; - &#x30C6;&#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30D2;&#x30C9;&#x30ED;&#x30AB;&#x30F3;&#x30CA;&#x30D3;&#x30CE;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;-9  - &#x30AB;&#x30EB;&#x30DC;&#x30F3;&#x9178;&#xFF08;THC-COOH&#xFF09;&#x3092;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x81EA;&#x200B;&#x200B;&#x52D5;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x6CD5;&#x306F;&#x3001;4&#x3064;&#x306E;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30D6;&#x30AE;&#x30EB;&#x30BD;&#x30F3;ASPEC XL4trade&#x30DE;&#x30FC;&#x30AF;&#x56FA;&#x76F8;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#xFF08;SPE&#x4E0A;&#x3067;&#x958B;&#x767A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#xFF09;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30E0;&#x3002;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6DB2; - &#x6DB2;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x306E;&#x539F;&#x7406;&#x3067;&#x52D5;&#x4F5C;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x304C;&#x3001;SPE&#x30AB;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x30C3;&#x30B8;&#x3092;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x306F;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x305B;&#x3093;&#x3002;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x3068;&#x5B9A;&#x91CF;&#x3001;&#x958B;&#x767A;&#x30E1;&#x30BD;&#x30C3;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x76F4;&#x7DDA;&#x6027;&#xFF08;ULOL&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x4E0A;&#x9650;&#x306E;&#x9650;&#x754C;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x305E;&#x308C;1,2&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;1500 ng / mL&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x308F;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x3001;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x306A;&#x30AD;&#x30E3;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x306F;10,000 ng / mL&#x306E;&#x691C;&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x305B;&#x3093;&#x3067;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002; 76&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x30EB;&#x306E;&#x30D0;&#x30C3;&#x30C1;&#x306E;&#x5834;&#x5408;&#x3001;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30BB;&#x30B9;&#x306F;&#x3001;450 mL&#x306E;&#x30D8;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;/&#x9162;&#x9178;&#x30A8;&#x30C1;&#x30EB;&#xFF08;5:1&#x3001;v / v&#xFF09;&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x6C34;&#x306E;&#x6EB6;&#x5A92;&#x3001;30&#xFF05;&#x30E1;&#x30BF;&#x30CE;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x3092;&#x3059;&#x3059;&#x304E;1 L&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x6EB6;&#x5A92;&#x3001;100&#x672A;&#x6E80;mL&#x306E;&#x30E1;&#x30BF;&#x30CE;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x3092;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x81EA;&#x52D5;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x51E6;&#x7406;&#x3092;&#x5B8C;&#x4E86;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x3001;5&#x6642;&#x9593;&#x304B;&#x304B;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6CD5;&#x306E;&#x7CBE;&#x5EA6;&#x3068;&#x6B63;&#x78BA;&#x3055;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x624B;&#x52D5;&#x3067;&#x6DB2;&#x6DB2;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x81EA;&#x52D5;&#x5316;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;SPE&#x30E1;&#x30BD;&#x30C3;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x306B;&#x5339;&#x6575;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5C3F;&#x4E2D;THC-COOH&#x306E;&#x5B9A;&#x91CF;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x73FE;&#x5728;&#x4EBA;&#x6C17;&#x306E;&#x81EA;&#x52D5;&#x5316;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;SPE&#x30E1;&#x30BD;&#x30C3;&#x30C9;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x30B7;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x30EB;&#x3001;&#x30B9;&#x30D4;&#x30FC;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x304B;&#x3064;&#x7D4C;&#x6E08;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x624B;&#x6BB5;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x5224;&#x660E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;

&#x5C3F;&#x4E2D;11  - &#x30CE;&#x30EB; - &#x30C7;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#xFF08;9&#xFF09; - &#x30C6;&#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30D2;&#x30C9;&#x30ED;&#x30AB;&#x30F3;&#x30CA;&#x30D3;&#x30CE;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;-9  - &#x30AB;&#x30EB;&#x30DC;&#x30F3;&#x9178;&#xFF08;THC-COOH&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x5B9A;&#x91CF;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x81EA;&#x52D5;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x6CD5;

&#xB300;&#xB9C8;&#xCD08;, 11&#xB3C4; &#xB378;&#xD0C0; (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9 &#xC8FC;&#xC694; &#xC624; &#xC90C; &#xB300;&#xC0AC; &#xC0B0;&#xBB3C;&#xC744; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD55C; &#xC790;&#xB3D9;&#xB41C; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;-carboxylic &#xC0B0; (&#xB9C8;&#xB9AC;&#xD654;&#xB098;-COOH) 4 &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xBE0C; Gilson ASPEC XL4trade &#xB9C8;&#xD06C; &#xACE0;&#xCCB4; &#xC0C1; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; (SPE) &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C;&#xC5D0; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC740; &#xC561;&#xCCB4;-&#xC561;&#xCCB4; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xC6D0;&#xB9AC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC791;&#xB3D9; &#xD558;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; SPE &#xCE74;&#xD2B8;&#xB9AC;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xD544;&#xC694; &#xD558;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xAC80;&#xCD9C; &#xBC0F; &#xC815;&#xB7C9; &#xD55C;&#xACC4; &#xBC0F; &#xAC1C;&#xBC1C;&#xB41C; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC758; &#xC120;&#xD615;&#xC131; (ULOL)&#xC758; &#xC0C1;&#xD55C; &#xC218; 1, 2 &#xBC0F; 1, 500 ng/mL, &#xAC01;&#xAC01;&#xC744; &#xBC1C;&#xACAC; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. 10000 Ng/mL &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xD6C4; &#xC774;&#xC0C1; &#xC5C6;&#xC74C; &#xAC10;&#xC9C0; &#xC218;&#xD589;&#xC774; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. 76 &#xC0D8;&#xD50C;&#xC758; &#xC77C;&#xAD04; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xACFC;&#xC815;&#xC744; &#xBA54;&#xD0C4;&#xC62C; 100 mL, 450 mL &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xC6A9; &#xB9E4; &#xD5E5; &#xC0B0;/&#xC5D0;&#xD2F8; &#xC544;&#xC138;&#xD14C;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; (5:1, v/v) &#xBC0F; &#xC138; &#xC815; &#xBB3C;&#xC5D0; 30% &#xBA54;&#xD0C4;&#xC62C; &#xC6A9; &#xB9E4; 1l &#xBBF8;&#xB9CC; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC790;&#xB3D9;&#xB41C; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xACFC;&#xC815;&#xC744; &#xC644;&#xB8CC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB370; 5 h &#xAC78;&#xB9BD;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC815;&#xBC00;&#xB3C4; &#xC815;&#xD655;&#xB3C4; &#xBA54;&#xC11C;&#xB4DC;&#xC758; &#xC218;&#xB3D9; &#xC561;&#xCCB4;-&#xC561;&#xCCB4; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xBC0F; &#xC790;&#xB3D9;&#xD654; &#xB41C; SPE &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC744; &#xBE44;&#xAD50;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBC29;&#xBC95; &#xAC04;&#xB2E8;&#xD55C;, &#xBE60;&#xB978;, &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; &#xBE44;&#xB1E8; &#xAE30; &#xB9C8;&#xB9AC;&#xD654;&#xB098;-COOH&#xC758; &#xC815;&#xB7C9; &#xBD84;&#xC11D;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xC778;&#xAE30; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC790;&#xB3D9;&#xD654; SPE &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC5D0; &#xACBD;&#xC81C;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xB300;&#xC548; &#xAC83;&#xC744; &#xC785;&#xC99D; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC18C;&#xC124; &#xC790;&#xB3D9; &#xBE44;&#xB1E8; &#xAE30; 11-&#xB3C4;-&#xB378;&#xD0C0; (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9&#xC758; &#xC815;&#xB7C9; &#xBD84;&#xC11D;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;-carboxylic &#xC0B0; (&#xB9C8;&#xB9AC;&#xD654;&#xB098;-COOH).

Un m&#xE9;todo de extracci&#xF3;n automatizado para extraer el principal metabolito urinario de cannabis, 11-nor-delta (9)-tetrahidrocannabinol-9-carbox&#xED;lico (THC-COOH) se desarroll&#xF3; en la de cuatro puntas Gilson ASPEC XL4trade marca de extracci&#xF3;n en fase s&#xF3;lida (SPE ) del sistema. El m&#xE9;todo funciona en principios de extracci&#xF3;n l&#xED;quido-l&#xED;quido, pero no requiere el uso de cartuchos de SPE. Los l&#xED;mites de detecci&#xF3;n y cuantificaci&#xF3;n y el l&#xED;mite superior de linealidad (ULOL) del m&#xE9;todo desarrollado se encontr&#xF3; que 1, 2, y 1.500 ng / ml, respectivamente. No hubo acarreo detectable respecto despu&#xE9;s de 10.000 ng / ml analito. Para un lote de 76 muestras, el proceso utiliza menos de 100 ml de metanol, 450 ml de extracci&#xF3;n disolvente hexano / acetato de etilo (5:1, v / v) y L 1 enjuague disolvente de metanol, 30% en agua. El proceso de extracci&#xF3;n automatizada tiene 5 horas para completar. La precisi&#xF3;n y la exactitud del m&#xE9;todo son comparables a tanto manual extracci&#xF3;n l&#xED;quido-l&#xED;quido y m&#xE9;todos automatizados SPE. El m&#xE9;todo ha demostrado ser una alternativa sencilla, r&#xE1;pida y econ&#xF3;mica para el m&#xE9;todo SPE actualmente popular automatizado para el an&#xE1;lisis cuantitativo de orina THC-COOH.

Nuevo m&#xE9;todo de extracci&#xF3;n autom&#xE1;tica para el an&#xE1;lisis cuantitativo de orina 11-nor-delta (9)-tetrahidrocannabinol-9-carbox&#xED;lico (THC-COOH)

&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x6027;&#x662F;&#x5E38;&#x5E38;&#x88AB;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x5728;&#x5C3F;&#x836F;&#x7269;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x7684;&#x6742; de-conjugate &beta;-&#x8461;&#x919B;&#x9178;&#x82F7;&#x9176;&#x3002;&#x4F17;&#x6240;&#x516C;&#x8BA4;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x6027;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8FC7;&#x9178;&#x50AC;&#x5316;&#x6C34;&#x89E3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F17;&#x6240;&#x5468;&#x77E5;&#xFF0C;&#x8BF1;&#x4F7F;&#x82EF;&#x4E8C;&#x6C2E;&#x5353;&#x7C7B;&#x964D;&#x89E3;&#x4E0E;&#x8F6C;&#x5316;&#x662F;&#x6C34;&#x89E3;&#x7684;&#x9996;&#x9009;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x800C;&#xFF0C;&#x6587;&#x5B66;&#xFF0C;&#x5230;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x4E3A;&#x6B62;&#xFF0C;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x6848;&#x4EF6;&#x7531;&#x5546;&#x4E1A;&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x6027;&#x4EA7;&#x54C1;&#x53D1;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x82EF;&#x4E8C;&#x6C2E;&#x5353;&#x7C7B;&#x8F6C;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6B64;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x5305;&#x542B; oxazepam &#x6216; oxazepam &#x8461;&#x7CD6;&#x82F7;&#x9178;&#x5C3F;&#x6807;&#x672C;&#x88AB;&#x5B75;&#x5316;&#x4E0E;&#x75C5;&#x7406;&#x6027;&#x9176;&#x5927;&#x80A0;&#x57C3;&#x5E0C;&#x6C0F;&#x5927;&#x80A0;&#x6746;&#x83CC;&#x3001; &#x8717;&#x725B;&#x53CA;&#x5728;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x57F9;&#x517B;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x4E0B;&#x7684;&#x9ACC;&#x9AA8; vulgata &#x6240;&#x5F97;&#x3002;&#x6DB2;&#x6DB2;&#x8403;&#x53D6;&#x540E;&#x63D0;&#x53D6;&#x7269;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x9AD8;&#x6548;&#x6DB2;&#x76F8;&#x8272;&#x8C31;&#x4E32;&#x8054;&#x8D28;&#x8C31;&#x6CD5;&#x548C;&#x6C14;&#x76F8;&#x8272;&#x8C31;-&#x8D28;&#x8C31;&#x6CD5;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x6742;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3002;&#x5BA1;&#x67E5;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x4E09;&#x4E2A;&#x9176;&#x5236;&#x5242;&#x662F;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x5165;&#x6CEE; (desmethyldiazepam) &#x7684; oxazepam &#x6216; oxazepam &#x8461;&#x7CD6;&#x82F7;&#x9178;&#x3002;&#x6CEE;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x4E0E;&#x5B75;&#x5316;&#x6E29;&#x5EA6;&#x3001; &#x5B75;&#x5316;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x3001; oxazepam &#x6D53;&#x5EA6;&#x548C;&#x9176;&#x6D53;&#x5EA6;&#x5448;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x6B63;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x7684;&#x9176;&#x6C34;&#x89E3;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x4E0B;&#x6CEE;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x767E;&#x5206;&#x6BD4;&#x662F; oxazepam &#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x91CF; &lt; 2.5%&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x9879;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x6709;&#x4E34;&#x5E8A;&#x548C;&#x6CD5;&#x533B;&#x7684;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E14;&#x5F88;&#x663E;&#x7136;&#x8BE0;&#x91CA;&#x6CEE;&#x906D;&#x53D7;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6D89;&#x53CA;&#x9176;&#x50AC;&#x5316;&#x6C34;&#x89E3;&#x7684;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x6837;&#x54C1;&#x4E2D;&#x68C0;&#x6D4B;&#x65F6;&#x5E94;&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x8C28;&#x614E;&#x3002;

&#x6CEE;&#x9176;&#x6C34;&#x89E3;&#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x89C2;&#x6D4B;&#x5230;&#x7684; oxazepam &#x65B0;&#x578B;&#x8FD8;&#x539F;&#x8F6C;&#x578B;&#x3002;

beta-Glucuronidase is an enzyme often employed to de-conjugate beta-glucuronides during urinary drug testing for benzodiazepines. It is commonly accepted that use of beta-glucuronidase is a preferred method of hydrolysis over acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, which is known to induce benzodiazepine degradation and transformation. Literature to date, however, has not reported any cases of benzodiazepine transformation initiated by commercial beta-glucuronidase products. In this study, urine specimens containing either oxazepam or oxazepam glucuronide were incubated with beta-glucuronidase enzymes obtained from Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia, and Patella vulgata under various incubation conditions. After liquid-liquid extraction, the extract was analyzed by both liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the presence of benzodiazepines. All three enzyme preparations examined were capable of reducing oxazepam or oxazepam glucuronide into nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam). Nordiazepam formation was positively correlated with incubation temperature, incubation time, oxazepam concentration, and enzyme concentration. Under all enzymatic hydrolysis conditions investigated, the percentage of nordiazepam formation is < 2.5% relative to the amount of oxazepam present in the system. The findings of this study have both clinical and forensic implications, and it is clear that the detection of nordiazepam in biological samples subjected to testing involving enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis should be interpreted with care.

A novel reductive transformation of oxazepam to nordiazepam observed during enzymatic hydrolysis.

b&#xEA;ta-glucuronidase est une enzyme souvent employ&#xE9;e pour de-beta-glucuronides conjugu&#xE9;s au cours des essais de m&#xE9;dicaments pour les benzodiaz&#xE9;pines urinaires. Il est commun&#xE9;ment admis que l&#x26;#39;utilisation de b&#xEA;ta-glucuronidase est une m&#xE9;thode privil&#xE9;gi&#xE9;e de l&#x26;#39;hydrolyse &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;acide hydrolyse catalys&#xE9;e, qui est connu pour induire la d&#xE9;gradation des benzodiaz&#xE9;pines et de transformation. Litt&#xE9;rature &#xE0; ce jour, cependant, n&#x26;#39;a pas signal&#xE9; de cas de transformation initi&#xE9; par benzodiaz&#xE9;pine commerciaux beta-glucuronidase produits. Dans cette &#xE9;tude, les &#xE9;chantillons d&#x26;#39;urine contenant soit l&#x26;#39;oxaz&#xE9;pam ou glucuronide oxaz&#xE9;pam ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; incub&#xE9;es avec la b&#xEA;ta-glucuronidase enzymes obtenues &#xE0; partir d&#x26;#39;Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia, et vulgata Patella dans des conditions d&#x26;#39;incubation diff&#xE9;rents. Apr&#xE8;s extraction liquide-liquide, l&#x26;#39;extrait a &#xE9;t&#xE9; analys&#xE9; par chromatographie en phase liquide masse &#xE0; la fois en tandem spectrom&#xE9;trie et la chromatographie gazeuse et spectrom&#xE9;trie de masse pour la pr&#xE9;sence de benzodiaz&#xE9;pines. Tous les trois pr&#xE9;parations enzymatiques examin&#xE9;s &#xE9;taient capables de r&#xE9;duire l&#x26;#39;oxaz&#xE9;pam ou glucuronide oxaz&#xE9;pam en nordiaz&#xE9;pam (desm&#xE9;thyldiaz&#xE9;pam). Formation nordiaz&#xE9;pam &#xE9;tait positivement corr&#xE9;l&#xE9;e avec la temp&#xE9;rature d&#x26;#39;incubation, le temps d&#x26;#39;incubation, la concentration oxaz&#xE9;pam, et la concentration d&#x26;#39;enzyme. Dans toutes les conditions d&#x26;#39;hydrolyse enzymatique d&#x26;#39;une enqu&#xEA;te, le pourcentage de la formation nordiaz&#xE9;pam est &#x26;lt;2,5% par rapport &#xE0; la quantit&#xE9; de l&#x26;#39;oxaz&#xE9;pam pr&#xE9;sent dans le syst&#xE8;me. Les r&#xE9;sultats de cette &#xE9;tude ont des implications &#xE0; la fois cliniques et m&#xE9;dico-l&#xE9;gales, et il est clair que la d&#xE9;tection de nordiazepam dans des &#xE9;chantillons biologiques soumis &#xE0; des tests impliquant une enzyme hydrolyse catalys&#xE9;e devrait &#xEA;tre interpr&#xE9;t&#xE9;e avec prudence.

Une nouvelle transformation r&#xE9;ductrice de Oxazepam &#xE0; nordiaz&#xE9;pam Observ&#xE9; lors de l&#x26;#39;hydrolyse enzymatique

Beta-Glukuronidase ist ein Enzym, die oft eingesetzt, um Beta-Glucuronides w&auml;hrend der Harn Drogentests f&uuml;r Benzodiazepine de-conjugate. Es ist allgemein anerkannt, dass Verwendung von Beta-Glukuronidase eine bevorzugte Methode der Hydrolyse &uuml;ber S&auml;ure-katalysierte Hydrolyse, die bekannt ist, Benzodiazepin Abbau- und Transformation zu veranlassen. Literatur bis heute hat jedoch keine F&auml;lle von Benzodiazepin-Transformation, die durch kommerzielle Beta-Glukuronidase Produkte initiiert berichtet. In dieser Studie wurden Urinproben, Oxazepam oder Oxazepam Glucuronid enth&auml;lt mit Beta-Glukuronidase Enzyme erhielt von Escherichia coli, Helix Pomatia und Gemeine Napfschnecke unter verschiedenen Inkubationsbedingungen inkubiert. Nach Fl&uuml;ssig-Fl&uuml;ssig-Extraktion wurde der Extrakt durch fl&uuml;ssige Chromatographie-Tandem-Massenspektrometrie und Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie auf das Vorhandensein von Benzodiazepinen analysiert. Alle drei Enzympr&auml;parate gepr&uuml;ft waren in der Lage, Oxazepam oder Oxazepam-Glucuronid in Nordiazepam (Desmethyldiazepam) zu reduzieren. Nordiazepam Bildung war positiv mit Inkubationstemperatur, Inkubationszeit, Oxazepam Konzentration und Enzym-Konzentration korreliert. Unter allen Enzymatische Hydrolyse Bedingungen untersucht ist der Prozentsatz der Nordiazepam Bildung &lt; 2,5 % bezogen auf die Menge an Oxazepam im System vorhanden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie haben sowohl klinische und forensische Implikationen, und es ist klar, dass die Erkennung von Nordiazepam in biologischen Proben, Tests mit Enzym-katalysierte Hydrolyse unterzogen mit Vorsicht interpretiert werden soll.

Eine neuartige reduktive Transformation von Oxazepam zu Nordiazepam w&auml;hrend Enzymatische Hydrolyse beobachtet.

Beta-glucuronidasi sono un enzima spesso impiegato per de-conjugate beta-glucuronides durante urinaria drug test per le benzodiazepine. &Egrave; comunemente accettato che uso di beta-glucuronidasi &egrave; un metodo preferito per idrolisi su idrolisi acido-catalizzata, che sono noto per indurre la trasformazione e degradazione delle benzodiazepine. Letteratura fino ad oggi, tuttavia, non ha segnalato eventuali casi di trasformazione delle benzodiazepine iniziata da prodotti commerciali beta-glucuronidasi. In questo studio, i campioni di urina contenenti oxazepam o oxazepam glucuronide sono stati incubati con enzimi beta-glucuronidasi ottenuti da Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia e Patella vulgata in varie condizioni di incubazione. Dopo l&#39;estrazione liquido-liquido, l&#39;estratto &egrave; stato analizzato da spettrometria di massa tandem di cromatografia liquida e gas cromatografia spettrometria di massa per la presenza di benzodiazepine. Tutte le preparazioni di tre enzimi esaminate sono stati in grado di ridurre oxazepam o oxazepam glucuronide in nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam). Nordiazepam formazione &egrave; stata positivamente correlata con temperatura di incubazione, incubazione, concentrazione di oxazepam e concentrazione di enzima. In tutte le condizioni di idrolisi enzimatica indagate, la percentuale di formazione nordiazepam &egrave; &lt; 2,5% rispetto alla quantit&agrave; di oxazepam presenti nel sistema. I risultati di questo studio hanno implicazioni cliniche e forensi, ed &egrave; chiaro che la rilevazione di nordiazepam in campioni biologici sottoposti a test che coinvolgono idrolisi catalizzata da enzimi deve essere interpretata con cura.

Una romanzo trasformazione riduttiva di oxazepam a nordiazepam osservate durante l&#39;idrolisi enzimatica.

&#x3B2;-&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C0;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x591A;&#x304F;&#x306E;&#x5834;&#x5408;&#x3001;&#x30D9;&#x30F3;&#x30BE;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D4;&#x30F3;&#x7CFB;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x5C3F;&#x85AC;&#x7269;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x4E2D;&#x306B;&#x8131;&#x5171;&#x5F79;&#x3B2;-&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C9;&#x306B;&#x63A1;&#x7528;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x306F;&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x3B2;-&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C0;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x306E;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x306F;&#x30D9;&#x30F3;&#x30BE;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D4;&#x30F3;&#x52A3;&#x5316;&#x3084;&#x5909;&#x5F62;&#x3092;&#x8A98;&#x5C0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x77E5;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x9178;&#x89E6;&#x5A92;&#x52A0;&#x6C34;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#x3001;&#x52A0;&#x6C34;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x306E;&#x597D;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x8A8D;&#x3081;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x6587;&#x5B66;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3057;&#x304B;&#x3057;&#x306A;&#x304C;&#x3089;&#x3001;&#x5546;&#x696D;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x3B2;-&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C0;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x306E;&#x88FD;&#x54C1;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x958B;&#x59CB;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30D9;&#x30F3;&#x30BE;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D4;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x63DB;&#x306E;&#x3044;&#x305A;&#x308C;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x30B1;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x3092;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x305B;&#x3093;&#x3002;&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x3044;&#x305A;&#x308C;&#x304B;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x5C3F;&#x691C;&#x4F53;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x69D8;&#x3005;&#x306A;&#x57F9;&#x990A;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x4E0B;&#x3067;&#x5927;&#x8178;&#x83CC;&#x306F;&#x3001;Helix&#x62B1;&#x5408;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x819D;&#x84CB;&#x9AA8;vulgata&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x5F97;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x3B2;-&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C0;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x3068;&#x3068;&#x3082;&#x306B;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30AD;&#x30E5;&#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x6DB2; - &#x6DB2;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x5F8C;&#x3001;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x7269;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30D9;&#x30F3;&#x30BE;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D4;&#x30F3;&#x7CFB;&#x306E;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x6DB2;&#x4F53;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30FC; - &#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30C7;&#x30E0;&#x8CEA;&#x91CF;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3001;&#x30AC;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30FC; - &#x8CEA;&#x91CF;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x6CD5;&#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x3067;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x8ABF;&#x3079;&#x305F;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;3&#x3064;&#x306E;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x88FD;&#x5264;&#x306F;nordiazepam&#xFF08;&#x30C7;&#x30B9;&#x30E1;&#x30C1;&#x30EB;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#xFF09;&#x306B;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C9;&#x3092;&#x524A;&#x6E1B;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002; Nordiazepam&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x304C;&#x7A4D;&#x6975;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30AD;&#x30E5;&#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x6E29;&#x5EA6;&#x3001;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30AD;&#x30E5;&#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x6642;&#x9593;&#x3001;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x6FC3;&#x5EA6;&#x3001;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x6FC3;&#x5EA6;&#x3068;&#x76F8;&#x95A2;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x8ABF;&#x3079;&#x305F;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x52A0;&#x6C34;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x306E;&#x4E0B;&#x3067;&#x3001;nordiazepam&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x306E;&#x5272;&#x5408;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30E0;&#x5185;&#x306B;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x91CF;&#x306B;&#x5BFE;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x26;lt;2.5&#xFF05;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3067;&#x5F97;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x77E5;&#x898B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x81E8;&#x5E8A;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x6CD5;&#x533B;&#x5B66;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x306E;&#x610F;&#x5473;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x306F;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x89E6;&#x5A92;&#x52A0;&#x6C34;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x8A66;&#x9A13;&#x3092;&#x5B9F;&#x65BD;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x751F;&#x4F53;&#x8A66;&#x6599;&#x4E2D;&#x306E;nordiazepam&#x306E;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x614E;&#x91CD;&#x306B;&#x89E3;&#x91C8;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x3079;&#x304D;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x306F;&#x660E;&#x3089;&#x304B;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002;

&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x52A0;&#x6C34;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#x306E;&#x9593;&#x306B;&#x89B3;&#x6E2C;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;Nordiazepam&#x306B;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x65B0;&#x898F;&#x9084;&#x5143;&#x7684;&#x5909;&#x63DB;

&#xBCA0;&#xD0C0;-Glucuronidase &#xBE44;&#xB1E8; &#xAE30; &#xC57D;&#xBB3C; benzodiazepines&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xBCA0;&#xD0C0; glucuronides de-conjugate&#xC744; &#xC790;&#xC8FC; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB418;&#xB294; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xC774;&#xB2E4;. &#xADF8;&#xAC83;&#xC740; &#xC77C;&#xBC18;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xBCA0;&#xD0C0; &#xBC84;&#xC804;-glucuronidase benzodiazepine &#xC800;&#xD558; &#xBC0F; &#xBCC0;&#xD654;&#xB97C; &#xC720;&#xB3C4; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xAC83;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC54C;&#xB824;&#xC838; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC0B0; &#xCD09;&#xB9E4; &#xAC00;&#xC218;&#xBD84;&#xD574;&#xB97C; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xC88B;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xAC00;&#xC218;&#xBD84;&#xD574;&#xB294; &#xD5C8;&#xC6A9; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098; &#xC9C0;&#xAE08;&#xAE4C;&#xC9C0; &#xBB38;&#xD559; &#xC0C1;&#xC5C5; &#xBCA0;&#xD0C0;-glucuronidase &#xC81C;&#xD488;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC2DC;&#xC791; benzodiazepine &#xBCC0;&#xD658;&#xC758;&#xC758; &#xC0AC;&#xB840; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0; &#xD558;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC558;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xB294; &#xB300;&#xC7A5;&#xADE0;, &#xB098;&#xC120; pomatia, &#xADF8;&#xB9AC;&#xACE0; &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xBC30;&#xC591; &#xC870;&#xAC74; &#xD558;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC2AC; &#xAC1C; &#xACE8; vulgata&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC5BB;&#xC740; &#xBCA0;&#xD0C0;-glucuronidase &#xD6A8;&#xC18C;&#xC640; &#xC18C;&#xBCC0; &#xD45C;&#xBCF8;&#xC740; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xD558;&#xB294; oxazepam &#xB610;&#xB294; oxazepam glucuronide incubated &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC561;&#xCCB4;-&#xC561;&#xCCB4; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xD6C4; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xC561;&#xCCB4; &#xD06C;&#xB85C;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0;&#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xD53C; &#xD0E0;&#xB364; &#xC9C8;&#xB7C9; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xBC0F; &#xAC00;&#xC2A4; &#xD06C;&#xB85C;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0;&#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xD53C;-&#xC9C8;&#xB7C9; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; benzodiazepines &#xC788;&#xB294;&#xC9C0; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xC138; &#xAC00;&#xC9C0; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xC900;&#xBE44; &#xAC80;&#xC0AC; nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam)&#xC5D0; oxazepam &#xB610;&#xB294; oxazepam glucuronide &#xC904;&#xC774;&#xB294; &#xB2A5;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. Nordiazepam &#xD615;&#xC131; &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xBD80; &#xD654; &#xC628;&#xB3C4;, &#xBD80; &#xD654; &#xC2DC;&#xAC04;, oxazepam &#xB18D;&#xB3C4; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xB18D;&#xB3C4;&#xC640; &#xAE0D;&#xC815;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;. &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xAC00;&#xC218;&#xBD84;&#xD574; &#xC870;&#xAC74; &#xC870;&#xC0AC;, nordiazepam &#xD615;&#xC131;&#xC758; &#xBE44;&#xC728;&#xC740; &lt; 2.5% &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C; oxazepam&#xC758; &#xAE08;&#xC561;&#xC744; &#xAE30;&#xC900;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xC784;&#xC0C1; &#xBC0F; &#xBC95;&#xC815; &#xC758;&#xBBF8; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xADF8;&#xAC83;&#xC740; &#xC0DD;&#xBB3C; &#xD559;&#xC801; &#xC0D8;&#xD50C; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xC640; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xCD09;&#xB9E4; &#xAC00;&#xC218;&#xBD84;&#xD574;&#xB97C; &#xBCF5;&#xC885;&#xC5D0; nordiazepam&#xC758; &#xAC80;&#xCD9C; &#xC8FC;&#xC758; &#xD574;&#xC11D; &#xBD84;&#xBA85;.

Nordiazepam &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xAC00;&#xC218;&#xBD84;&#xD574; &#xC911;&#xC5D0; oxazepam&#xC758; &#xC18C;&#xC124; reductive &#xBCC0;&#xD658;.

beta-glucuronidasa es una enzima que emplea a menudo para de-beta-glucur&#xF3;nidos conjugados durante la prueba de la droga urinario de las benzodiazepinas. Se acepta com&#xFA;nmente que el uso de beta-glucuronidasa es un m&#xE9;todo preferido de hidr&#xF3;lisis sobre la hidr&#xF3;lisis catalizada por &#xE1;cido, que se sabe que inducen la degradaci&#xF3;n de las benzodiazepinas y transformaci&#xF3;n. La literatura hasta la fecha, sin embargo, no ha reportado ning&#xFA;n caso de transformaci&#xF3;n iniciado por las benzodiacepinas comerciales beta-glucuronidasa productos. En este estudio, las muestras de orina que contienen cualquiera de oxazepam o glucur&#xF3;nido oxazepam se incubaron con beta-glucuronidasa enzimas obtenidas a partir de E. coli, Helix pomatia, y vulgata r&#xF3;tula bajo diversas condiciones de incubaci&#xF3;n. Despu&#xE9;s de extracci&#xF3;n l&#xED;quido-l&#xED;quido, el extracto se analiz&#xF3; por tanto l&#xED;quido cromatograf&#xED;a-espectrometr&#xED;a de masas en t&#xE1;ndem y cromatograf&#xED;a de gases-espectrometr&#xED;a de masas para detectar la presencia de las benzodiazepinas. Las tres preparaciones de enzimas examinadas fueron capaces de reducir el oxazepam o glucur&#xF3;nido oxazepam en nordiazepam (desmetildiazepam). La formaci&#xF3;n de Nordiazepam se correlacion&#xF3; positivamente con la temperatura de incubaci&#xF3;n, tiempo de incubaci&#xF3;n, la concentraci&#xF3;n de oxazepam, y la concentraci&#xF3;n de la enzima. Bajo todas las condiciones de hidr&#xF3;lisis enzim&#xE1;tica investigados, el porcentaje de formaci&#xF3;n nordiazepam es &#x26;lt;2,5% respecto a la cantidad de oxazepam presente en el sistema. Los resultados de este estudio tienen implicaciones cl&#xED;nicas y forenses, y est&#xE1; claro que la detecci&#xF3;n de nordiazepam en muestras biol&#xF3;gicas sometidas a los ensayos que implica la hidr&#xF3;lisis catalizada por la enzima debe ser interpretada con cuidado.

Una transformaci&#xF3;n Novela reductiva de oxazepam de Nordiazepam Observado durante la hidr&#xF3;lisis enzim&#xE1;tica

It has been previously reported that treatment of urinary oxazepam by commercial Î²-glucuronidase enzyme preparations, from Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia and Patella vulgata, results in production of nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam) artefact. In this study, we report that this unusual reductive transformation also occurs in other benzodiazepines with a hydroxyl group at the C3 position such as temazepam and lorazepam. As determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, all three enzyme preparations were found capable of converting urinary temazepam into diazepam following enzymatic incubation and subsequent liquid-liquid extraction procedures. For example, when H. pomatia enzymes were used with incubation conditions of 18 h and 50 Â°C, the percentage conversion, although small, was significant--approximately 1% (0.59-1.54%) in both patient and spiked blank urines. Similarly, using H. pomatia enzyme under these incubation conditions, a reductive transformation of urinary lorazepam into delorazepam (chlordesmethyldiazepam) occurred. These findings have both clinical and forensic implications. Detection of diazepam or delorazepam in biological samples following enzyme treatment should be interpreted with care.

Reduction of temazepam to diazepam and lorazepam to delorazepam during enzymatic hydrolysis.

&#x636E;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x62A5;&#x7531;&#x5546;&#x4E1A; &beta; &#x9176;&#x9176;&#x5236;&#x5242;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x5927;&#x80A0;&#x6746;&#x83CC;&#x3001; &#x8717;&#x725B;&#x548C;&#x9ACC;&#x9AA8; vulgata &#x5C3F; oxazepam &#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x5728;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x4E2D;&#x6CEE; &#xFF08;desmethyldiazepam&#xFF09; &#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x4EE3;&#x4EA7;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x9879;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x8FD9;&#x4E0D;&#x5BFB;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x8FD8;&#x539F;&#x8F6C;&#x5316;&#x4E5F;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x5728;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x6742;&#x4E0E;&#x7F9F;&#x57FA;&#x7684; C3 &#x4F4D;&#x7F6E;&#x6076;&#x5511;&#x4ED1;&#x3001; &#x52B3;&#x62C9;&#x897F;&#x6CEE;&#x7B49;&#x3002;&#x9AD8;&#x6548;&#x6DB2;&#x76F8;&#x8272;&#x8C31;-&#x8D28;&#x8C31;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x6CD5;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x4E09;&#x79CD;&#x9176;&#x5236;&#x5242;&#x88AB;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x5C3F;&#x6076;&#x5511;&#x4ED1;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x9176;&#x5B75;&#x5316;&#x548C;&#x968F;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x6DB2;&#x6DB2;&#x8403;&#x53D6;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4E4B;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x897F;&#x6CEE;&#x7684;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x3002;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53; H.pomatia &#x9176;&#x88AB;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5B75;&#x5316;&#x6761;&#x4EF6; 18 h &#x53CA; 50 &deg; C&#xFF0C;&#x767E;&#x5206;&#x6BD4;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#xFF0C;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x5C0F;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x91CD;&#x8981; &mdash; &mdash; &#x5927;&#x7EA6; 1%(0.59-1.54%) &#x75C5;&#x4EBA;&#x548C;&#x5C16;&#x523A;&#x7684;&#x7A7A;&#x767D;&#x5C3F;&#x6DB2;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x540C;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5B75;&#x5316;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x4E0B;&#x7684; H.pomatia &#x9176;&#xFF0C;&#x5C3F;&#x52B3;&#x62C9;&#x897F;&#x6CEE;&#x8FD8;&#x539F;&#x8F6C;&#x5316;&#x4E3A; delorazepam (chlordesmethyldiazepam) &#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x4E34;&#x5E8A;&#x548C;&#x6CD5;&#x533B;&#x65B9;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x3002;&#x5E94;&#x5C0F;&#x5FC3;&#x5730;&#x897F;&#x6CEE;&#x6216; delorazepam &#x9176;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x6837;&#x54C1;&#x4E2D;&#x68C0;&#x6D4B;&#x3002;

&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x6076;&#x5511;&#x4ED1;&#x5BF9;&#x5730;&#x897F;&#x6CEE;&#x548C;&#x52B3;&#x62C9;&#x897F;&#x6CEE;&#x5411; delorazepam &#x9176;&#x6C34;&#x89E3;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x3002;

Il a &#xE9;t&#xE9; pr&#xE9;c&#xE9;demment rapport&#xE9; que le traitement de l&#x26;#39;oxaz&#xE9;pam urinaire par des pr&#xE9;parations enzymatiques commerciales &#x3B2;-glucuronidase, &#xE0; partir d&#x26;#39;Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia et vulgata Patella, les r&#xE9;sultats de la production de nordiazepam (desm&#xE9;thyldiaz&#xE9;pam) artefact. Dans cette &#xE9;tude, nous d&#xE9;clarons que cette transformation inhabituelle r&#xE9;ductrice se produit &#xE9;galement dans d&#x26;#39;autres benzodiaz&#xE9;pines avec un groupe hydroxyle en position C3 tels que t&#xE9;maz&#xE9;pam et le loraz&#xE9;pam. Tel que d&#xE9;termin&#xE9; par analyse par spectrom&#xE9;trie de masse chromatographie en phase liquide, tous les trois pr&#xE9;parations enzymatiques ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; trouv&#xE9;s capable de convertir t&#xE9;maz&#xE9;pam urinaire dans le diaz&#xE9;pam apr&#xE8;s incubation enzymatique et toutes les proc&#xE9;dures d&#x26;#39;extraction liquide-liquide. Par exemple, lorsque H. enzymes Pomatia ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; utilis&#xE9;s avec des conditions d&#x26;#39;incubation de 18 h et de 50 &#xB0; C, le pourcentage de conversion, bien que petite, &#xE9;tait importante - environ 1% (0,59 &#xE0; 1,54%) &#xE0; la fois des patients et &#xE0; pointes blanches urines. De m&#xEA;me, en utilisant H. pomatia enzyme dans ces conditions d&#x26;#39;incubation, une transformation r&#xE9;ductrice de loraz&#xE9;pam urinaire dans d&#xE9;loraz&#xE9;pam (chlordesmethyldiazepam) a eu lieu. Ces r&#xE9;sultats ont des implications &#xE0; la fois cliniques et m&#xE9;dico-l&#xE9;gales. D&#xE9;tection de diaz&#xE9;pam ou d&#xE9;loraz&#xE9;pam dans des &#xE9;chantillons biologiques qui suivent le traitement enzymatique doit &#xEA;tre interpr&#xE9;t&#xE9;e avec prudence.

R&#xE9;duction de t&#xE9;maz&#xE9;pam au diaz&#xE9;pam et le loraz&#xE9;pam &#xE0; d&#xE9;loraz&#xE9;pam Pendant hydrolyse enzymatique

Es wurde zuvor berichtet, dass die Behandlung von Harn Oxazepam durch kommerzielle &beta;-Glukuronidase Enzympr&auml;parate von Escherichia coli, Helix Pomatia und Gemeine Napfschnecke, Produktion von Nordiazepam (Desmethyldiazepam) Artefact f&uuml;hrt. In dieser Studie berichten wir, dass diese ungew&ouml;hnliche reduktive Transformation auch in anderen Benzodiazepinen mit einer Hydroxylgruppe an der C3-Position wie Temazepam und Lorazepam tritt. Durch die fl&uuml;ssige Chromatographie-Massenspektrometrie-Analyse wurden alle drei Enzympr&auml;parate Konvertierung von Harn Temazepam in Diazepam nach enzymatischer Inkubation und nachfolgenden fl&uuml;ssig-fl&uuml;ssig-Extraktionsverfahren gefunden. Wenn H. Pomatia Enzyme mit Inkubationsbedingungen 18Uhr und 50 &deg; C, die Konvertierung Prozentsatz verwendet wurden zwar klein, war beispielsweise erhebliche--etwa 1 % (0.59-1,54 %) in sowohl f&uuml;r Patienten als auch f&uuml;r Spike leere Urines. Ebenso ist eine reduktive Umwandlung der Harn Lorazepam in Delorazepam (Chlordesmethyldiazepam) Verwendung von H. Pomatia Enzym unter diesen Inkubationsbedingungen aufgetreten. Diese Erkenntnisse haben sowohl klinische und forensische Implikationen. Erkennung von Diazepam oder Delorazepam in biologischen Proben nach Enzym Behandlung sollten mit Vorsicht interpretiert werden.

Reduktion der Temazepam, Diazepam und Lorazepam zu Delorazepam durch Enzymatische Hydrolyse.

&Egrave; stato segnalato in precedenza che il trattamento di oxazepam urinaria di preparati enzimatici commerciali &beta;-glucuronidasi, da Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia e Patella vulgata, risultati nella produzione del manufatto nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam). In questo studio, segnaliamo che questa insolita trasformazione riduttiva si verifica anche in altre benzodiazepine con un gruppo ossidrile in posizione C3 come temazepam e lorazepam. Come determinato dall&#39;analisi liquido cromatografia spettrometria di massa, tutti i preparati enzimatici tre sono stati trovati in grado di convertire temazepam urinario in seguito enzimatica incubazione e successiva estrazione liquido-liquido procedure il diazepam. Per esempio, quando H. pomatia enzimi sono stati usati con le condizioni di incubazione di 18 h e 50 &deg; C, la percentuale di conversione, anche se piccola, era significativo - circa 1% (0,59-1,54%) nelle urine vuoti paziente e a spillo. Allo stesso modo, usando H. pomatia enzima in queste condizioni di incubazione, si &egrave; verificata una trasformazione riduttiva di lorazepam urinaria in delorazepam (chlordesmethyldiazepam). Questi risultati hanno implicazioni cliniche e forensi. Rilevazione di diazepam o di delorazepam nei campioni biologici dopo il trattamento enzimatico deve essere interpretati con cautela.

Riduzione di temazepam di diazepam e lorazepam al delorazepam durante l&#39;idrolisi enzimatica.

&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x306F;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x306B;&#x5927;&#x8178;&#x83CC;&#x306F;&#x3001;Helix&#x62B1;&#x5408;&#x3068;&#x819D;&#x84CB;&#x9AA8;vulgata&#x3001;nordiazepam&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#xFF08;&#x30C7;&#x30B9;&#x30E1;&#x30C1;&#x30EB;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#xFF09;&#x30A2;&#x30FC;&#x30C1;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x30AF;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x3001;&#x5E02;&#x8CA9;&#x306E;&#x3B2;-&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30CB;&#x30C0;&#x30FC;&#x30BC;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x88FD;&#x5264;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x5C3F;&#x30AA;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x6CD5;&#x304C;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x73CD;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x9084;&#x5143;&#x5909;&#x63DB;&#x306F;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x30C6;&#x30DE;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x3084;&#x30ED;&#x30E9;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x306A;&#x3069;&#x306E;C3&#x4F4D;&#x306E;&#x6C34;&#x9178;&#x57FA;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x30D9;&#x30F3;&#x30BE;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D4;&#x30F3;&#x7CFB;&#x3067;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3068;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x6DB2;&#x4F53;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30FC; - &#x8CEA;&#x91CF;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x6C7A;&#x5B9A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x3059;&#x3079;&#x3066;&#x306E;3&#x3064;&#x306E;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x88FD;&#x5264;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30AD;&#x30E5;&#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x5F8C;&#x306E;&#x6DB2;&#x6DB2;&#x62BD;&#x51FA;&#x306E;&#x624B;&#x9806;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6B21;&#x306E;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x306B;&#x5C3F;&#x30C6;&#x30DE;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x5909;&#x63DB;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x308B;&#x304C;&#x898B;&#x3064;&#x304B;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x305F;&#x3068;&#x3048;&#x3070;&#x3001;&#x6642;H.&#x62B1;&#x5408;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x306F;18&#x6642;&#x9593;&#x3068;50&#x306E;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30AD;&#x30E5;&#x30D9;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x3067;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x2103;&#x3001;&#x8EE2;&#x5316;&#x7387;&#x3001;&#x5C0F;&#x3055;&#x3044;&#x3082;&#x306E;&#x306E;&#x3001;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x3063;&#x305F; - &#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x3068;&#x30B9;&#x30D1;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x7A7A;&#x767D;&#x306E;&#x5C3F;&#x3067;&#x7D04;1&#xFF05;&#xFF08;0.59&#x304B;&#x3089;1.54&#x30D1;&#x30FC;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x57F9;&#x990A;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x4E0B;&#x3067;H.&#x62B1;&#x5408;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x3092;&#x7528;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x3001;delorazepam&#x306B;&#x5C3F;&#x30ED;&#x30E9;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x9084;&#x5143;&#x7684;&#x5909;&#x63DB;&#xFF08;chlordesmethyldiazepam&#xFF09;&#x304C;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x77E5;&#x898B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x81E8;&#x5E8A;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x6CD5;&#x533B;&#x5B66;&#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x306E;&#x610F;&#x5473;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x51E6;&#x7406;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x30EB;&#x4E2D;&#x306E;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F;delorazepam&#x306E;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x614E;&#x91CD;&#x306B;&#x89E3;&#x91C8;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x3079;&#x304D;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002;

&#x9175;&#x7D20;&#x52A0;&#x6C34;&#x5206;&#x89E3;&#x306E;&#x9593;&#x306B;Delorazepam&#x306B;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x3068;&#x30ED;&#x30E9;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x306B;&#x30C6;&#x30DE;&#x30BC;&#x30D1;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x524A;&#x6E1B;

&#xADF8;&#xAC83;&#xC740; &#xB300;&#xC7A5;&#xADE0;, &#xB098;&#xC120; pomatia &#xBC0F; &#xC2AC; &#xAC1C; &#xACE8; vulgata &#xC0C1;&#xC5C5; &beta;-glucuronidase &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xC900;&#xBE44; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xBE44;&#xB1E8; &#xAE30; oxazepam&#xC758; &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; &#xC778; &#xC704; nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam)&#xC758; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0;&#xC5D0; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xC774;&#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294;&#xC774; &#xD2B9;&#xC774; &#xD55C; reductive &#xBCC0;&#xD658;&#xB3C4; temazepam &#xB4F1; lorazepam C3 &#xC704;&#xCE58;&#xC5D0; &#xC218; &#xC0B0; &#xAE30; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; benzodiazepines&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC561;&#xCCB4; &#xD06C;&#xB85C;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0;&#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xD53C;-&#xC9C8;&#xB7C9; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xBD84;&#xC11D;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xACB0;&#xC815; &#xB41C; &#xB300;&#xB85C; &#xBAA8;&#xB4E0; &#xC138; &#xAC00;&#xC9C0; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xC900;&#xBE44; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xC778;&#xD050;&#xBCA0;&#xC774;&#xC158; &#xBC0F; &#xD6C4;&#xC18D; &#xC561;&#xCCB4;-&#xC561;&#xCCB4; &#xCD94;&#xCD9C; &#xC808;&#xCC28;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xC548;&#xC815;&#xC81C;&#xB85C; &#xBE44;&#xB1E8; &#xAE30; temazepam &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xBC1C;&#xACAC; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC608;&#xB97C; &#xB4E4;&#xC5B4;, &#xBE44;&#xB85D; &#xC791;&#xC740;, H. pomatia &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; 18h&#xC640; 50 &deg; C, &#xBC31;&#xBD84;&#xC728; &#xBCC0;&#xD658;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xD050;&#xBCA0;&#xC774;&#xC158; &#xC870;&#xAC74;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB41C; &#xB54C; &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;-&#xC57D; 1% (0.59-1.54%) &#xD658;&#xC790; &#xBC0F; &#xC544;&#xAD70; &#xBE48; urines&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;. &#xB9C8;&#xCC2C;&#xAC00;&#xC9C0;&#xB85C;, &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xBD80; &#xD654; &#xC870;&#xAC74; H. pomatia &#xD6A8;&#xC18C;&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; delorazepam (chlordesmethyldiazepam)&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC694;&#xB3C4; lorazepam reductive &#xBCC0;&#xD658;&#xD560; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD; &#xD588;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xC784;&#xC0C1; &#xBC0F; &#xBC95;&#xC815; &#xC758;&#xBBF8;&#xB97C;&#xAC00;&#xC9C0;&#xACE0;. &#xB2E4;&#xC774;&#xC544; &#xC81C; &#xD31C; &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xC0DD;&#xBB3C; &#xD559;&#xC801; &#xC0D8;&#xD50C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; delorazepam&#xC758; &#xAC80;&#xCD9C; &#xC8FC;&#xC758; &#xD574;&#xC11D; &#xD55C;&#xB2E4;.

&#xD6A8;&#xC18C; &#xAC00;&#xC218;&#xBD84;&#xD574; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC548;&#xC815;&#xC81C;&#xB97C; temazepam &#xBC0F; delorazepam lorazepam &#xAC10;&#xC18C;.

Se ha informado anteriormente de que el tratamiento de oxazepam de orina de los preparados enzim&#xE1;ticos comerciales &#x3B2;-glucuronidasa, de Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia y la vulgata la r&#xF3;tula, los resultados en la producci&#xF3;n de nordiazepam (desmetildiazepam) artefacto. En este estudio, mostramos que esta transformaci&#xF3;n reductiva inusual tambi&#xE9;n ocurre en otras benzodiazepinas con un grupo hidroxilo en la posici&#xF3;n C3, tales como el temazepam y el lorazepam. Como se determin&#xF3; por an&#xE1;lisis de espectrometr&#xED;a de cromatograf&#xED;a l&#xED;quida de masa, las tres preparaciones de enzimas fueron encontrados capaz de convertir temazepam urinaria en el diazepam tras la incubaci&#xF3;n enzim&#xE1;tica y posteriores l&#xED;quido-l&#xED;quido procedimientos de extracci&#xF3;n. Por ejemplo, cuando H. enzimas pomatia fueron utilizados con las condiciones de incubaci&#xF3;n de 18 hy 50 &#xB0; C, el porcentaje de conversi&#xF3;n, aunque peque&#xF1;a, fue significativa - aproximadamente 1% (0,59 a 1,54%) en las orinas blanco tanto del paciente como p&#xFA;as. Del mismo modo, usando la enzima H. &#x200B;&#x200B;pomatia bajo estas condiciones de incubaci&#xF3;n, una transformaci&#xF3;n reductiva de lorazepam urinaria en delorazepam (chlordesmethyldiazepam) ocurri&#xF3;. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones cl&#xED;nicas y forenses. La detecci&#xF3;n de diazepam o delorazepam en muestras biol&#xF3;gicas despu&#xE9;s de un tratamiento enzim&#xE1;tico deben ser interpretados con cuidado.

Reducci&#xF3;n de Temazepam de diazepam y lorazepam a delorazepam durante la hidr&#xF3;lisis enzim&#xE1;tica

Sativex(®) is an oromucosal spray used to treat spasticity in multiple sclerosis sufferers in some European countries, the United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand. The drug has also recently been registered by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sativex(®) contains high concentrations of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), with the former being the subject of random roadside drug tests across Australia to detect cannabis use. This pilot study aims to determine whether or not patients taking Sativex(®) will test positive to THC using these roadside screening tests. Detectable levels of THC, CBD and cannabinol (CBN) in their oral fluid were also confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The study was a double-blind, placebo controlled design. Oral fluid was tested prior to and immediately after dosing with either Sativex(®) or placebo at intervals up to 2h after the dose. Two Sativex(®) doses were studied. The low dose contained 5.4mg THC, the high dose 21.6mg THC. Results indicate that the primary screening test used in Australian roadside drug testing, the DrugWipe(®) II Twin, often gave a false negative response for THC, even with high concentrations present. However, secondary screening test, Cozart(®) DDS (used by police after a DrugWipe test gives a positive result), gave true positive results in all cases where patients were being treated with Sativex(®). Confirmatory testing showed high concentrations of THC and CBD (>5356ng/mL THC and >3826ng/mL CBD) in the oral fluid shortly after dosing and also elevated concentrations of CBN. Levels dropped quickly but remained at detectable concentrations (>67.6ng/mL) two hours after drug administration. The average concentration ratio of THC/CBD across all positive samples was 1.10 (%RSD 19.9) reflecting the composition of the Sativex(®) spray. In conclusion, Sativex(®) users may test positive for THC by roadside drug testing within 2-3h of use. Confirmatory analysis can identify Sativex(®) treatment through use of THC/CBD ratios, however, these ratios would unlikely be sufficient to differentiate non-medicinal cannabis use from Sativex(®) use if both are taken concurrently.

The detection of THC, CBD and CBN in the oral fluid of Sativex® patients using two on-site screening tests and LC-MS/MS.

Urinary 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Carboxy-THC) concentrations, normalised to creatinine output, have been demonstrated to be a useful tool in the interpretation of the results of a series of urine tests for cannabis. These tests, often termed historical data, can be used to identify potential chronic cannabis users who may present occupational health and safety risks within the workplace. Conversely, the data can also be used to support employee claims of previous regular, rather than recent, cannabis use. This study aimed at examining the mean elimination of Carboxy-THC in 37 chronic users undergoing voluntary abstinence over a 2-week period. Urine specimens were collected prior to the study and after 1 and 2 weeks of abstinence. Carboxy-THC levels in urine were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following alkaline hydrolysis, organic solvent extraction and derivatisation to form its pentafluoropropionic derivative. The creatinine-normalised Carboxy-THC concentrations declined rapidly over the 2 weeks of abstinence period and the majority of chronic cannabis users (73%) reduced their urinary Carboxy-THC levels to below the 15-μg/L confirmatory cutoff within that time. The study further highlights the value of historical urinary Carboxy-THC data as a means of identifying potential occupational health and safety risks among chronic cannabis users.

Rapid elimination of Carboxy-THC in a cohort of chronic cannabis users.

There is currently limited data available on the stabilities of the three stimulants 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) in a putrefying matrix. A Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method to determine the concentration of the three drugs in putrefying porcine liver over a three month period was developed and validated. Both 4-MMC and BZP were found to be unstable, becoming undetectable and having an average recovery of 52% respectively after one month at ambient room temperature (20°C). MDMA was found to be moderately stable, with an average recovery of 74% after three months at room temperature. This study indicated that the putrefaction process could have a significant impact on concentrations of 4-MMC and BZP in post-mortem cases involving putrefied remains.

A study to model the post-mortem stability of 4-MMC, MDMA and BZP in putrefying remains.

Being marketed as "legal" smoking blends or mixtures, synthetic cannabinoids are abused widely owing to its cannabis-like effect. Due to the rapid introduction of new generation analogues of synthetic cannabinoids to escape from legislative/judicial control, the investigation of the metabolic pathways of these substances is of particular importance for drug control, abstinence and forensic toxicology purposes. In this study, the in vitro metabolism of JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 by the fungus Cunninghamella elagans has been investigated with the purpose of validating its potential as a complementary model for investigating synthetic cannabinoid metabolism. JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 were incubated for 72h with C. elegans. Detection of metabolites was based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. C. elegans was found capable of producing the majority of the phase I metabolites observed in earlier in vitro and in vivo mammalian studies as a result of monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, carboxylation, dehydrogenation, ketone formation, dihydrodiol formation, dihydrodiol formation with N-dealkylation and combinations thereof. C. elegans can thus be a useful and economic model for studying synthetic cannabinoid metabolism.

Biotransformation of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 by Cunninghamella elegans.

Urine drug testing plays an important role in monitoring licit and illicit drug use for both medico-legal and clinical purposes. One of the major challenges of urine drug testing is adulteration, a practice involving manipulation of a urine specimen with chemical adulterants to produce a false negative test result. This problem is compounded by the number of easily obtained chemicals that can effectively adulterate a urine specimen. Common adulterants include some household chemicals such as hypochlorite bleach, laundry detergent, table salt, and toilet bowl cleaner and many commercial products such as UrinAid (glutaraldehyde), Stealth® (containing peroxidase and peroxide), Urine Luck (pyridinium chlorochromate, PCC), and Klear® (potassium nitrite) available through the Internet. These adulterants can invalidate a screening test result, a confirmatory test result, or both. To counteract urine adulteration, drug testing laboratories have developed a number of analytical methods to detect adulterants in a urine specimen. While these methods are useful in detecting urine adulteration when such activities are suspected, they do not reveal what types of drugs are being concealed. This is particularly the case when oxidizing urine adulterants are involved as these oxidants are capable of destroying drugs and their metabolites in urine, rendering the drug analytes undetectable by any testing technology. One promising approach to address this current limitation has been the use of unique oxidation products formed from reaction of drug analytes with oxidizing adulterants as markers for monitoring drug misuse and urine adulteration. This novel approach will ultimately improve the effectiveness of the current urine drug testing programs.

Adulterants in Urine Drug Testing.

The knowledge of metabolic profile of synthetic cannabinoids is important for the detection of drugs in urinalysis due to the typical absence or low abundance of parent cannabinoids in human urine. The fungus Cunninghamella elegans has been reported to be a useful tool for metabolism study and thus applicability to synthetic cannabinoid metabolism was examined. In this study, 8-quinolinyl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (5F-PB-22), 8-quinolinyl 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (PB-22), [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (XLR-11) and (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (UR-144) were incubated with C. elegans and the metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The obtained metabolites were compared with reported human metabolites to assess the suitability of the fungus to extrapolate human metabolism. 5F-PB-22 underwent dihydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation, oxidative defluorination, oxidative defluorination to carboxylic acid, ester hydrolysis and glucosidation, alone and/or in combination. The metabolites of PB-22 were generated by hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, trihydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation, ketone formation, carboxylation, ester hydrolysis and glucosidation, alone and/or in combination. XLR-11 was transformed through hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, aldehyde formation, carboxylation, oxidative defluorination, oxidative defluorination to carboxylic acid and glucosidation, alone and/or in combination. UR-144 was metabolised by hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, trihydroxylation, aldehyde formation, ketone formation, carboxylation, N-dealkylation and combinations. These findings were consistent with previously reported human metabolism except for the small extent of ester hydrolysis observed and the absence of glucuronidation. Despite the limitations, C. elegans demonstrated the capacity to produce a wide variety of metabolites including some major human metabolites of XLR-11 and UR-144 at high abundance, showing the potential for metabolism of newly emerging synthetic cannabinoids.

Metabolic Profile of Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-PB-22, PB-22, XLR-11 and UR-144 by Cunninghamella elegans.

The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in recent years has resulted in the development of numerous analytical methods for the detection and identification of known and unknown NPS derivatives. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has been identified as the method of choice for broad screening of NPS in a wide range of analytical contexts because of its ability to measure accurate masses using data-independent acquisition (DIA) techniques. Additionally, it has shown promise for non-targeted screening strategies that have been developed in order to detect and identify novel analogues without the need for certified reference materials (CRMs) or comprehensive mass spectral libraries. This paper reviews the applications of HRMS for the analysis of NPS in forensic drug chemistry and analytical toxicology. It provides an overview of the sample preparation procedures in addition to data acquisition, instrumental analysis, and data processing techniques. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the current state of non-targeted screening strategies with discussion on future directions and perspectives of this technique. Graphical Abstract Missing the bullseye - a graphical respresentation of non-targeted screening. Image courtesy of Christian Alonzo.

Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of new psychoactive substances: a critical review.

Neurotransmitters play crucial roles in physiological functions and their imbalances have demonstrated association in the pathology of several diseases. The measurement of neurotransmitters possesses a great potential as a significant clinical tool. This study presents the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of multi-class neurotransmitters associated with dopamine, tryptophan and glutamate-γ-aminobutyric acid pathways. A total of ten neurotransmitters and their metabolites (dopamine, epinephrine, metanephrine, tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, anthranilic acid, GABA, glutamic acid) were determined based on a simple and rapid 'dilute and shoot' method using minimal urine volume. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Poroshell 120 Bonus-RP LC Column in combination with a gradient elution within an 8.5-min time frame. The method exhibited good sensitivity as the limits of quantification ranged between 0.025 and 0.075 μg/mL with acceptable matrix effects (< ± 14.5%), no carryover and good linearity (r 2 > 0.98). The accuracy and precision for all analytes were within tolerances, at < ± 9.9% mean relative error (MRE) and < 8.6% relative standard deviation (RSD), respectively. The method was successfully applied in measuring the neurotransmitter concentrations in urine of healthy donors. Furthermore, the undertaken stability experiments indicated that acidified urine specimens allowed the analytes to be stable for prolonged durations in comparison to those untreated. The study also reveals the performance of the method is unaffected by the absence of expensive deuterated reference standards under the experimental conditions employed which further simplifies the analytical procedures and provides a significant cost saving for running the assay. Graphical abstract The quantification of multi-class neurotransitters associated with the dopamine, tryptophan and GABA-glutamate pathways using a simple 'dilute and shoot' LC-MS/MS method.

Article	Year
Novel automated extraction method for quantitative analysis of urinary 11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH). Journal of analytical toxicology\| PubMed ID: 18430296	2008
A novel reductive transformation of oxazepam to nordiazepam observed during enzymatic hydrolysis. Journal of analytical toxicology\| PubMed ID: 20529458	2010
Reduction of temazepam to diazepam and lorazepam to delorazepam during enzymatic hydrolysis. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\| PubMed ID: 21298417	2011
The detection of THC, CBD and CBN in the oral fluid of Sativex® patients using two on-site screening tests and LC-MS/MS. Forensic science international\| PubMed ID: 24699310	2014
Rapid elimination of Carboxy-THC in a cohort of chronic cannabis users. International journal of legal medicine\| PubMed ID: 26233612	2016
A study to model the post-mortem stability of 4-MMC, MDMA and BZP in putrefying remains. Forensic science international\| PubMed ID: 26829335	2016
Biotransformation of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 by Cunninghamella elegans. Forensic science international\| PubMed ID: 26907475	2016
Adulterants in Urine Drug Testing. Advances in clinical chemistry\| PubMed ID: 27645818	2016
Metabolic Profile of Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-PB-22, PB-22, XLR-11 and UR-144 by Cunninghamella elegans. The AAPS journal\| PubMed ID: 28455676	2017
Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of new psychoactive substances: a critical review. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\| PubMed ID: 28634759	2017
Development and validation of a simple, rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of urinary neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\| PubMed ID: 29030665	2017

Shanlin Fu

Biography

JoVE Journal Publications

Other Publications