using-terminal-transferase-mediated-dutp-nick-end-labelling-tunel

Using Terminal Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End-labelling (TUNEL) and Caspase 3/7 Assays to Measure Epidermal Cell Death in Frogs with Chytridiomycosis

Amphibians are experiencing a great loss in biodiversity globally and one of the major causes is the infectious disease chytridiomycosis. This disease is ...

James Cook University

Amphibians are declining at an alarming rate, and one of the major causes of decline is the infectious disease chytridiomycosis. Parasitic fungal sporangia occur within epidermal cells causing epidermal disruption, but these changes have not been well characterised. Apoptosis (planned cell death) can be a damaging response to the host but may alternatively be a mechanism of pathogen removal for some intracellular infections.

Epidermal cell death in frogs with chytridiomycosis.

Captive and wild amphibians are under threat of extinction from the deadly fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). The antifungal drug terbinafine (TBF) is used by pet owners to treat Bd-infected frogs; however, it is not widely used in academic or zoological institutions due to limited veterinary clinical trials. To assess TBF's efficacy, we undertook treatment trials and pharmacokinetic studies to investigate drug absorption and persistence in frog skin; and then we correlated these data to the minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) against Bd. Despite an initial reduction in zoospore load, the recommended treatment (five daily 5 min 0.01% TBF baths) was unable to cure experimentally infected alpine tree frogs and naturally infected common eastern froglets. In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics showed that absorbed TBF accumulates in frog skin with increased exposure, indicating its suitability for treating cutaneous pathogens via direct application. The MLC of TBF for zoosporangia was 100 μg/ml for 2 h, while the minimal inhibitory concentration was 2 μg/ml, suggesting that the drug concentration absorbed during 5 min treatments is not sufficient to cure high Bd burdens. With longer treatments of five daily 30 min baths, Bd clearance improved from 12.5% to 50%. A higher dose of 0.02% TBF resulted in 78% of animals cured; however, clearance was not achieved in all individuals due to low TBF skin persistence, as the half-life was less than 2 h. Therefore, the current TBF regime is not recommended as a universal treatment against Bd until protocols are optimized, such as with increased exposure frequency.

Article	Year
Epidermal cell death in frogs with chytridiomycosis. PeerJ\| PubMed ID: 28168107	2017
The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of terbinafine against the frog-killing fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). Medical mycology\| PubMed ID: 29566178	2018

Alexandra A. Roberts

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