defining-hsp33-s-redox-regulated-chaperone-activity-mapping

Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Living organisms regularly need to cope with fluctuating environments during their life cycle, including changes in temperature, pH, the accumulation of ...

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The delivery of nucleic acids into cells is an attractive approach for cancer therapy. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is among the most efficient nonviral carriers. Recent studies have demonstrated that PEI can be conjugated to targeting ligands, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transferrin (Schaffert et al., 2011; Abourbeh et al., 2012; Ogris et al., 1999). Herein we present a simplified protocol for producing homogeneous preparations of PEGylated linear PEI: LPEI-PEG2k. We generated two well-characterized copolymers, with ratios of LPEI to PEG of 1:1 and 1:3. These copolymers were further conjugated through disulfide bonds to a Her-2 targeting moiety, Her-2 affibody. This reaction yielded two triconjugates that target Her-2 overexpressing tumors. Polyplexes were formed by complexing plasmid DNA with the triconjugates. We characterized the biophysical properties of the conjugates, and found that the triconjugate 1:3 polyplex had lower ζ potential, larger particle size, and more heterogeneous shape than the triconjugate 1:1 polyplex. Triconjugate 1:1 and triconjugate 1:3 polyplexes were highly selective toward cells that overexpress Her-2 receptors, but triconjugate 1:1 polyplex was more efficient at gene delivery. Our studies show that the biophysical and biological properties of the conjugates can be profoundly affected by the ratio of LPEI:PEG2k:ligand. The procedure described here can be adapted to generate a variety of triconjugates, simply by changing the targeting moiety.

Optimization of liganded polyethylenimine polyethylene glycol vector for nucleic acid delivery.

The development of targeted therapies that affect multiple signaling pathways and stimulate antitumor immunity is greatly needed. About 20% of patients with breast cancer overexpress HER2. Small molecules and antibodies targeting HER2 convey some survival benefits; however, patients with advanced disease succumb to the disease under these treatment regimens, possibly because HER2 is not completely necessary for the survival of the targeted cancer cells. In the present study, we show that a polyinosine/polycytosine (pIC) HER2-homing chemical vector induced the demise of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, including trastuzumab-resistant cells. Targeting pIC to the tumor evoked a number of cell-killing mechanisms, as well as strong bystander effects. These bystander mechanisms included type I IFN induction, immune cell recruitment, and activation. The HER2-targeted pIC strongly inhibited the growth of HER2-overexpressing tumors in immunocompetent mice. The data presented here could open additional avenues in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(8); 688-97. ©2016 AACR.

HER2-Targeted Polyinosine/Polycytosine Therapy Inhibits Tumor Growth and Modulates the Tumor Immune Microenvironment.

Selective delivery of drugs to tumor cells can increase potency and reduce toxicity. In this study, we describe a novel recombinant chimeric protein, dsRBEC, which can bind polyIC and deliver it selectively into EGFR over-expressing tumor cells. dsRBEC, comprises the dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD) of human PKR (hPKR), which serves as the polyIC binding moiety, fused to human EGF (hEGF), the targeting moiety. dsRBEC shows high affinity towards EGFR and triggers ligand-induced endocytosis of the receptor, thus leading to the selective internalization of polyIC into EGFR over-expressing tumor cells. The targeted delivery of polyIC by dsRBEC induced cellular apoptosis and the secretion of IFN-β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. dsRBEC-delivered polyIC is much more potent than naked polyIC and is expected to reduce the toxicity caused by systemic delivery of polyIC. 

Targeting polyIC to EGFR over-expressing cells using a dsRNA binding protein domain tethered to EGF.

The treatment of metastatic androgen-resistant prostate cancer remains a challenge. We describe a protein vector that selectively delivers synthetic dsRNA, polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (polyIC), to prostate tumors by targeting prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is overexpressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells.The chimeric protein is built from the double stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding domain of PKR tethered to a single chain anti-PSMA antibody. When complexed with polyIC, the chimera demonstrates selective and efficient killing of prostate cancer cells. The treatment causes the targeted cancer cells to undergo apoptosis and to secrete toxic cytokines. In a "bystander effect", these cytokines kill neighboring cancer cells that do not necessarily overexpress PSMA, and activate immune cells that enhance the killing effect. The strong effects of the targeted polyIC are demonstrated on both 2D cell cultures and 3D tumor spheroids.

PSMA-homing dsRNA chimeric protein vector kills prostate cancer cells and activates anti-tumor bystander responses.

There is an urgent need for an effective treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (PC). Prostate tumors invariably overexpress prostate surface membrane antigen (PSMA). We designed a nonviral vector, PEI-PEG-DUPA (PPD), comprising polyethylenimine-polyethyleneglycol (PEI-PEG) tethered to the PSMA ligand, 2-[3-(1, 3-dicarboxy propyl)ureido] pentanedioic acid (DUPA), to treat PC. The purpose of PEI is to bind polyinosinic/polycytosinic acid (polyIC) and allow endosomal release, while DUPA targets PC cells. PolyIC activates multiple pathways that lead to tumor cell death and to the activation of bystander effects that harness the immune system against the tumor, attacking nontargeted neighboring tumor cells and reducing the probability of acquired resistance and disease recurrence. Targeting polyIC directly to tumor cells avoids the toxicity associated with systemic delivery. PPD selectively delivered polyIC into PSMA-overexpressing PC cells, inducing apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and the recruitment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PSMA-overexpressing tumors in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice with partially reconstituted immune systems were significantly shrunken following PPD/polyIC treatment, in all cases. Half of the tumors showed complete regression. PPD/polyIC invokes antitumor immunity, but unlike many immunotherapies does not need to be personalized for each patient. The potent antitumor effects of PPD/polyIC should spur its development for clinical use.

Article	Year
Optimization of liganded polyethylenimine polyethylene glycol vector for nucleic acid delivery. Bioconjugate chemistry\| PubMed ID: 25121341	2014
HER2-Targeted Polyinosine/Polycytosine Therapy Inhibits Tumor Growth and Modulates the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Cancer immunology research\| PubMed ID: 27241844	2016
Targeting polyIC to EGFR over-expressing cells using a dsRNA binding protein domain tethered to EGF. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 27598772	2016
PSMA-homing dsRNA chimeric protein vector kills prostate cancer cells and activates anti-tumor bystander responses. Oncotarget\| PubMed ID: 28445962	2017
PSMA-targeted polyinosine/polycytosine vector induces prostate tumor regression and invokes an antitumor immune response in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 29229829	2017

Nufar Edinger

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