stereotactic-adoptive-transfer-cytotoxic-immune-cells-murine-models

Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, is generally associated with a poor prognosis, and scarce ...

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Phosphoantigens (PAgs)-like HMBPP ((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate) and butyrophilin 3 (BTN3A, CD277)-specific monoclonal antibody 20.1 induce TCR-mediated activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Here, we compared murine reporter cells transduced with Vγ9Vδ2 TCRs G115, D1C55, and MOP for the activation in culture with human RAJI cells and PAgs or mAb 20.1 and its single-chain (sc) derivative. All transductants responded readily to PAg but only TCR MOP γ-chain-expressing cells responded to mAb/sc 20.1. Furthermore, both antagonist and agonist mAb and sc of the agonist mAb inhibited the PAg response of TCR-transduced murine reporter cells. These findings suggest that, in contrast to stimulation by physiological stimulators (PAg), the responsiveness to mAb 20.1 depends strongly on CDR3 sequences of the TCR, and that mAb 20.1 can interfere with the PAg-response. Mouse or human origin of reporter cells might affect the mAb 20.1 response since all three TCR-mediated mAb 20.1-induced activation of TCR-transduced Jurkat cells. The pronounced differences between PAg and mAb 20.1-induced activation observed here help to understand the often contradictory published data. This study provides novel perspectives on the physiological mechanism of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell activation, and highlights the complex mode of action of BTN3A-specific antibodies as agents in cancer immunotherapy.

Butyrophilin 3A (BTN3A, CD277)-specific antibody 20.1 differentially activates Vγ9Vδ2 TCR clonotypes and interferes with phosphoantigen activation.

Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes are the major human peripheral γδ T cell subset, with broad reactivity against stressed human cells, including tumor cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are specifically activated by small phosphorylated metabolites called phosphoantigens (PAg). Stress-induced changes in target cell PAg levels are specifically detected by butyrophilin (BTN)3A1, using its intracellular B30.2 domain. This leads to the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In this study, we show that changes in the juxtamembrane domain of BTN3A1, but not its transmembrane domain, induce a markedly enhanced or reduced γδ T cell reactivity. There is thus a specific requirement for BTN3A1's juxtamembrane domain for correct γδ T cell-related function. This work identified, as being of particular importance, a juxtamembrane domain region of BTN3A molecules identified as a possible dimerization interface and that is located close to the start of the B30.2 domain.

The Juxtamembrane Domain of Butyrophilin BTN3A1 Controls Phosphoantigen-Mediated Activation of Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells.

 Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of primary human brain tumor in adults, with an average survival at diagnosis of 18 months. Metabolism is a new attractive therapeutic target in cancer; however, little is known about metabolic heterogeneity and plasticity within GBM tumors. We therefore aimed to investigate metabolic phenotyping of primary cultures in the context of molecular tumor heterogeneity to provide a proof of concept for personalized metabolic targeting of GBM. We have analyzed extensively several primary GBM cultures using transcriptomics, metabolic phenotyping assays, and mitochondrial respirometry. We found that metabolic phenotyping clearly identifies 2 clusters, GLN and GLN, mainly based on metabolic plasticity and glutamine (GLN) utilization. Inhibition of glutamine metabolism slows the  and  growth of GLN GBM cultures despite metabolic adaptation to nutrient availability, in particular by increasing pyruvate shuttling into mitochondria. Furthermore, phenotypic and molecular analyses show that highly proliferative GLN cultures are CD133 and display a mesenchymal signature in contrast to CD133 GLN GBM cells. Our results show that metabolic phenotyping identified an essential metabolic pathway in a GBM cell subtype, and provide a proof of concept for theranostic metabolic targeting. .

Efficient Mitochondrial Glutamine Targeting Prevails Over Glioblastoma Metabolic Plasticity.

We have compared prospectively the outcome and immune reconstitution of patients receiving either post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCY) ( = 30) or anti-thymocyte globulin ATG ( = 15) as Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis after reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation (allo-SCT). The outcome and immune reconstitution of patients receiving either of these two regimens were compared prospectively. This study allowed also to investigate the impact of PTCY between haplo-identical vs matched donors and of clofarabine as part of the RIC regimen. The γ/δ T-cells, α/β T-cells (CD8 and CD4), NK T-cells, NK cells, B-cells, Tregs and monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry from a total of 583 samples. In the PTCY group significant delayed platelets recovery, higher CD3+ donor chimerism, higher HHV-6 and lower EBV reactivations were observed. Early survival advantage for CD4+ T-cells, Tregs and α/β T-cells was documented in the PTCY group while it was the case for α/β T-cells, NK cells and monocytes in the ATG group. Higher counts of NK and monocytes were observed at days +30 and/or day+60 in the ATG group. Both results were retained even in the case of mismatched donors. However, higher percentages of CD4+ T-cells, α/β T-cells and Tregs were observed with haplo-identical donors in the PTCY group. Finally, clofarabine was responsible for early survival advantage of NK T-cells in the PTCY group while it abrogated the early survival advantage of γ/δ T-cells in the ATG group. In conclusion, there are marked differences in the immunological effects of ATG vs PTCY as GVHD prophylaxis for RIC PBSC allo-SCT.

Impact on early outcomes and immune reconstitution of high-dose post-transplant cyclophosphamide vs anti-thymocyte globulin after reduced intensity conditioning peripheral blood stem cell allogeneic transplantation.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the most frequent and deadliest primary brain tumor in adults despite aggressive treatments, because of the persistence of infiltrative and resistant tumor cells. Nonalloreactive human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes, the major peripheral γδ T-cell subset in adults, represent attractive effectors for designing immunotherapeutic strategies to track and eliminate brain tumor cells, with limited side effects. We analyzed the effects of ex vivo sensitizations of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by IL-21, a modulating cytokine, on their cytolytic reactivity. We first showed that primary human GBM-1 cells were naturally eliminated by allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes, through a perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity. IL-21 increased both intracellular granzyme B levels and cytotoxicity of allogeneic human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes in vitro. Importantly, IL-21-enhanced cytotoxicity was rapid, which supports the development of sensitization(s) of γδ T lymphocytes before adoptive transfer, a process that avoids any deleterious effect associated with direct administrations of IL-21. Finally, we showed, for the first time, that IL-21-sensitized allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells significantly eliminated GBM tumor cells that developed in the brain after orthotopic administrations in vivo. Altogether our observations pave the way for novel efficient stereotaxic immunotherapies in GBM patients by using IL-21-sensitized allogeneic human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.

IL-21 Increases the Reactivity of Allogeneic Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Against Primary Glioblastoma Tumors.

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells represent a major unconventional γδ T cell subset located in the peripheral blood of adults in humans and several non-human primates. Lymphocytes that constitute this transitional subset can sense subtle level changes of intracellular phosphorylated intermediates of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway (phosphoantigens, pAg), such as isopentenyl pyrophosphate, during cell stress events. This unique antigenic activation process operates in a rigorous framework that requires the expression of butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1/CD277) molecules, which are type I glycoproteins that belong to the B7 family. Several studies have further shown that pAg specifically bind to the intracellular B30.2 domain of BTN3A1 linked to the antigenic activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Here, we highlight the recent advances in BTN3A1 dynamics induced upon the binding of pAg and the contribution of the different subunits to this activation process. Recent reports support that conformational modifications of BTN3A1 might represent a key step in the detection of infection or tumorigenesis by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. A better understanding of this mechanism will help optimize novel immunotherapeutical approaches that target defined functions of this unique γδ T cell subset.

Article	Year
Butyrophilin 3A (BTN3A, CD277)-specific antibody 20.1 differentially activates Vγ9Vδ2 TCR clonotypes and interferes with phosphoantigen activation. European journal of immunology\| PubMed ID: 28386905	2017
The Juxtamembrane Domain of Butyrophilin BTN3A1 Controls Phosphoantigen-Mediated Activation of Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)\| PubMed ID: 28461569	2017
Efficient Mitochondrial Glutamine Targeting Prevails Over Glioblastoma Metabolic Plasticity. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research\| PubMed ID: 28720668	2017
Impact on early outcomes and immune reconstitution of high-dose post-transplant cyclophosphamide vs anti-thymocyte globulin after reduced intensity conditioning peripheral blood stem cell al... Oncotarget\| PubMed ID: 29545911	2018
IL-21 Increases the Reactivity of Allogeneic Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Against Primary Glioblastoma Tumors. Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)\| PubMed ID: 29683891	2018
Towards Deciphering the Hidden Mechanisms That Contribute to the Antigenic Activation Process of Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells. Frontiers in immunology\| PubMed ID: 29731756	2018

Emmanuel Scotet

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