a-wind-tunnel-for-odor-mediated-insect-behavioural-assays

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

Norwegian Institute of Public Health

The attraction of the blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to single synthetic compounds, blends and authentic odours was investigated in a wind tunnel. A total of 1850 C. vicina (1750 females and 100 males) were tested. A comparison of male and female responses showed significant differences in attraction between the sexes. Females were more attracted than males to liver odour. The attraction of females lay in the ranges of 0-22% for single compounds, 26-64% for synthetic blends and 58-88% for authentic odours. Dimethyl trisulphide was the most attractive single compound. Significant improvement in attraction was achieved with blends and a three-component lure, consisting of dimethyl trisulphide, mercaptoethanol and o-cresol, was found to be the best solution for field trapping of C. vicina. Authentic odours from dead fish and mice were significantly more attractive than liver and the three-component blend, and the blend and liver were similarly effective as attractants. Field tests support the results of the wind tunnel study and a high number of C. vicina were caught in funnel traps. Overall, 99.1% of the specimens caught were females.

Wind tunnel behavioural response and field trapping of the blowfly Calliphora vicina.

Attracting high numbers of adult females, extensive trapping prior to damage, and a pest species with a predominantly univoltine lifecycle, are important factors contributing to the success of mass-trapping programs. We conducted a mass-trapping experiment over 4 years, using yellow sticky traps and odor-baited funnel traps for control of the blowfly Calliphora vicina in stockfish production areas in Loften, Norway. Blowfly-related damage to fish in five mass-trapping sites was compared with damage at five control sites. Population monitoring established a connection between blowfly activity and damage. Blowfly activity in the period from mid-April to mid-May was correlated with damage to fish in the same year. Interception (sticky) traps, based on visual cues, caught blowflies during the early drying period, whereas odor-baited funnel traps were more effective during the later drying period, and continued to catch flies throughout the year until late autumn. In the funnel traps, 80% of the captured flies were females. Compared to control sites, mass trapping reduced overall damage to stockfish by 8-31%. In the final year of the experiment, we compared mass-trapping and control treatments, controlling for drying time period and sun exposure (which both contribute to damage), and found a damage reduction of 63%. Thus, mass-trapping with a female-attracting kairomone, and using traps of different functionality to extend the critical trapping period, in accord with pest phenology, is an efficient method for control of C. vicina in stockfish production.

Efficient mass trapping: catching the pest, Calliphora vicina, (Diptera, Calliphoridae), of Norwegian stockfish production.

Adult bed bugs were exposed to the sublethal temperatures 34.0°C, 35.5°C, 37.0°C, 38.5°C, or 40.0°C for 3, 6, or 9 days. The two uppermost temperatures induced 100% mortality within 9 and 2 days, respectively, whereas 34.0°C had no observable effect. The intermediate temperatures interacted with time to induce a limited level of mortality but had distinct effects on fecundity, reflected by decreases in the number of eggs produced and hatching success. Adult fecundity remained low for up to 40 days after heat exposure, and the time until fertility was restored correlated with the temperature-sum experienced during heat exposure. Three or 6 days of parental exposure to 38.5°C significantly lowered their offspring's feeding and moulting ability, which consequently led to a failure to continue beyond the third instar. Eggs that were deposited at 22.0°C before being exposed to 37.0°C for 3 or 6 days died, whereas eggs that were exposed to lower temperatures were not significantly affected. Eggs that were deposited during heat treatment exhibited high levels of mortality also at 34.0°C and 35.5°C. The observed negative effects of temperatures between 34.0°C and 40.0°C may be utilized in pest management, and sublethal temperature exposure ought to be further investigated as an additional tool to decimate or potentially eradicate bed bug populations. The effect of parental heat exposure on progeny demonstrates the importance of including maternal considerations when studying bed bug environmental stress reactions. 

Mortality, temporary sterilization, and maternal effects of sublethal heat in bed bugs.

A large-arena bioassay is used to examine sex differences in spatiotemporal patterns of bed bug  L. behavioural responses to either a human host or CO gas. After release in the centre of the arena, 90% of newly-fed bed bugs move to hiding places in the corners within 24 h. They require 3 days to settle down completely in the arena, with generally low activity levels and the absence of responses to human stimuli for 5 days. After 8-9 days, persistent responses can be recorded. Sex differences are observed, in which females are more active during establishment, respond faster after feeding, expose themselves more than males during the daytime, and respond more strongly to the host signal. The number of bed bugs that rest in harbourages is found to vary significantly according to light setting and sex. Both sexes stay inside harbourages more in daylight compared with night, and males hide more than females during the daytime but not during the night. The spatial distribution of the bed bugs is also found to change with the presence of CO, and peak aggregation around the odour source is observed after 24 min. Both male and female bed bugs move from hiding places or the border of the arena toward the centre where CO is released. Peak responses are always highest during the night. Bed bug behaviour and behaviour-regulating features are discussed in the context of control methods.

Questing activity in bed bug populations: male and female responses to host signals.

Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) have returned as a nuisance pest worldwide. Their ability to withstand different types of environmental stress should be explored in order potentially to increase the efficiency of control methods.

Mortality, fecundity and development among bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) exposed to prolonged, intermediate cold stress.

The common bed bug ( Hemiptera; Cimicidae) infests homes and service industries, and the number of infestations has greatly increased over the past 20 years. At present, no cost-effective control methods are available, and eradication programs are expensive and laborious. We investigated the control potential of desiccant dust in combination with CO as a bed bug activity stimulant. An initial experiment with two desiccant dusts was followed by arena studies with varying doses, available hiding places and the presence or absence of host signals. Finally, we conducted a field experiment with Syloid 244FP with or without CO gas. Syloid was superior compared to diatomaceous earth, and effective at the concentration of 1.0 g/m in the field experiment. The number of harborages and partial application of desiccant dust decreased mortality in the laboratory. Bed bug activation by CO appeared of minor importance in the arena studies, but was crucial for the eradication in the student dormitories. In fact, all 5 bed bug-infested dormitories with a combined treatment of desiccant dust and CO were freed of bed bugs, whereas eradication was not successful in any of the 6 dormitories with only desiccant dust treatment. The different results in the laboratory and field experiment were most likely caused by the longer activation and higher dose of CO used in the field experiment than the laboratory experiment. Our study showed that application of desiccant dust in combination with release of CO gas to mimic human presence is a promising option for bed bug control.

Desiccant dust and the use of CO gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution?

Sublethal heat stress may weaken bed bug infestations to potentially ease control. In the present study, experimental populations exposed to 34, 36 or 38°C for 2 or 3 weeks suffered significant mortality during exposure. Among survivors, egg production, egg hatching, moulting success and offspring proliferation decreased significantly in the subsequent 7 week recovery period at 22°C. The overall population success was negatively impacted by increasing temperature and duration of the stress. Such heat stress is inadequate as a single tool for eradication, but may be included as a low cost part of an integrated pest management protocol. Depending on the time available and infestation conditions, the success of some treatments can improve if sublethal heat is implemented prior to the onset of more conventional pest control measures.

Temperature stress deteriorates bed bug (Cimex lectularius) populations through decreased survival, fecundity and offspring success.

The increasing problem of bed bugs requires the development of new control strategies, and insect pathogenic fungi can contribute towards management. We used laboratory bioassays with ,  and  to evaluate their virulence to the bed bug. Only  significantly affected bed bug survival and was dependent on dose and formulation. A 2%  oil formulation induced horizontal transfer to elevate mortality in a 10-day arena bioassay. Temporal distribution of contagious individuals and increasing the dose from 2 to 4% did not increase mortality. Horizontal transfer mainly occurred between adults, and only partly between adults and nymphs. Bed bugs showed activity peaks during the night, and activity was increased by elevated levels of CO. Distribution between harbourages was not affected by CO activation, level of infection or the bio-pesticide, and horizontal transfer was not dependent on the degree of aggregation. Movement in the arenas negatively affected horizontal transfer when the number of susceptible individuals was large. Level of infection also influenced behaviour as the bed bug movement increased with elevated disease burden. The use of fungi as a part of an integrated pest management strategy seems to be an interesting option that should be investigated further.  kills bed bugs and can be carried to harbourages to target hidden individuals.

Article	Year
Wind tunnel behavioural response and field trapping of the blowfly Calliphora vicina. Medical and veterinary entomology\| PubMed ID: 20497319	2010
Efficient mass trapping: catching the pest, Calliphora vicina, (Diptera, Calliphoridae), of Norwegian stockfish production. Journal of chemical ecology\| PubMed ID: 21761151	2011
Mortality, temporary sterilization, and maternal effects of sublethal heat in bed bugs. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 25996999	2015
Questing activity in bed bug populations: male and female responses to host signals. Physiological entomology\| PubMed ID: 26166936	2014
Mortality, fecundity and development among bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) exposed to prolonged, intermediate cold stress. Pest management science\| PubMed ID: 27991708	2017
Desiccant dust and the use of CO gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution? Journal of pest science\| PubMed ID: 28217039	2017
Temperature stress deteriorates bed bug (Cimex lectularius) populations through decreased survival, fecundity and offspring success. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 29538429	2018
Insect pathogenic fungi and bed bugs: behaviour, horizontal transfer and the potential contribution to IPM solutions. Journal of pest science\| PubMed ID: 29568252	2018

Anders Aak

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