real-time-vitro-monitoring-odorant-receptor-activation-an-odorant

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Duke University Medical Center

Tokyo University of agriculture and technology

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is equipped with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Because the yeast GPCR signaling mechanism is partly similar to that of the mammalian system, S. cerevisiae can be used for a host of mammalian GPCR expression and ligand-mediated activation assays. However, currently available yeast systems require several hours to observe the responses because they depend on the expression of reporter genes. In this study, we attempted to develop a simple GPCR assay system using split luciferase and β-arrestin, which are independent of the endogenous S. cerevisiae GPCR signaling pathways. We applied the split luciferase complementation assay method to S. cerevisiae and found that it can be used to analyze the ligand response of the human somatostatin receptor in S. cerevisiae. On the contrary, the response of the pheromone receptor Ste2 was not observed by the assay. Thus, the split luciferase complementation should be free from the effect of the endogenous GPCR signaling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1354-1361. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Split luciferase complementation assay for the analysis of G protein-coupled receptor ligand response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Olfaction is mediated by the binding of odorant molecules to olfactory receptors (ORs). There are numerous proteins in the nasal mucus, and they contribute to olfaction through various mechanisms. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) family members are known to be present in the olfactory epithelium and are thought to affect olfaction by enzymatic conversion of odorant molecules. In this study, we examined the effects of CYPs on the ligand responses of ORs in heterologous cells. Among the CYPs tested, co-expression of CYP1a2 significantly affected the responses of various ORs, including MOR161-2, to acetophenone. Conversion of acetophenone to methyl salicylate was observed in the medium of CYP1a2-expressing cells. MOR161-2-expressing cells exhibited significantly greater responses to methyl salicylate than to acetophenone. Finally, we analyzed the responses of olfactory neurons expressing MOR161-2 in vivo using the phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 as a marker. MOR161-2 responded to both acetophenone and methyl salicylate in vivo. When the olfactory mucus was washed out by the injection of PBS to mouse nasal cavity, the response of MOR161-2 to acetophenone was reduced, while that to methyl salicylate did not change. Our data suggest that CYP1a2 affects OR activation by converting acetophenone to methyl salicylate.

Modification of the response of olfactory receptors to acetophenone by CYP1a2.

Olfactory systems have evolved the extraordinary capability to detect and discriminate volatile odorous molecules (odorants) in the environment. Fundamentally, this process relies on the interaction of odorants and their cognate olfactory receptors (ORs) encoded in the genome. Here, we conducted a cell-based screen using over 800 mouse ORs against seven odorants, resulting in the identification of a set of high-affinity and/or broadly-tuned ORs. We then test whether heterologously expressed ORs respond to odors presented in vapor phase by individually expressing 31 ORs to measure cAMP responses against vapor phase odor stimulation. Comparison of response profiles demonstrates this platform is capable of discriminating between structural analogs. Lastly, co-expression of carboxyl esterase Ces1d expressed in olfactory mucosa resulted in marked changes in activation of specific odorant-OR combinations. Altogether, these results establish a cell-based volatile odor detection and discrimination platform and form the basis for an OR-based volatile odor sensor.

Article	Year
Split luciferase complementation assay for the analysis of G protein-coupled receptor ligand response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology and bioengineering\| PubMed ID: 28112390	2017
Modification of the response of olfactory receptors to acetophenone by CYP1a2. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 28860658	2017
Vapor detection and discrimination with a panel of odorant receptors. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 30385742	2018

Yosuke Fukutani

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