single-step-enrichment-tap-tagged-histone-deacetylase-filamentous

Single-Step Enrichment of a TAP-Tagged Histone Deacetylase of the Filamentous Fungus <em>Aspergillus nidulans</em> for Enzymatic Activity Assay

Class 1 histone deacetylases (HDACs) like RpdA have gained importance as potential targets for treatment of fungal infections and for genome mining of ...

Medical university of innsbruck

The Penicillium chrysogenumantifungal protein PAF is secreted into the supernatant after elimination of a preprosequence. PAF is actively internalized into the hyphae of sensitive molds and provokes growth retardation as well as changes in morphology. Thus far, no information is available on the exact mode of action of PAF, nor on the function of its prosequence in protein activity. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of secreted PAF as well as of intracellularly retained pro-PAF and mature PAF on the sensitive ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans, and transformed this model organism by expression vectors containing 5'-sequentially truncated paf-coding sequences under the control of the inducible P. chrysogenum-derived xylanase promoter. Indirect immunofluorescence staining revealed the localization of recombinant PAF predominantly in the hyphal tips of the transformant Xylpaf1 which expressed prepro-PAF, whereas the protein was found to be distributed intracellularly within all segments of hyphae of the transformants Xylpaf2 and Xylpaf3 which expressed pro-PAF and mature PAF, respectively. Growth retardation of Xylpaf1 and Xylpaf3 hyphae was detected by proliferation assays and by light microscopy analysis. Using transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin hyphal sections a marked alteration of the mitochondrial ultrastructure in Xylpaf1 was observed and an elevated amount of carbonylated proteins pointed to severe oxidative stress in this strain. The effects induced by secreted recombinant PAF resembled those evoked by native PAF. The results give evidence that properly folded PAF is a prerequisite for its activity.

Proper folding of the antifungal protein PAF is required for optimal activity.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl moieties from lysine residues at histone tails and nuclear regulatory proteins and thus significantly impact chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. In recent years, HDACs of filamentous fungi were found to be decisive regulators of genes involved in pathogenicity and the production of important fungal metabolites such as antibiotics and toxins. Here we present proof that one of these enzymes, the class 1 type HDAC RpdA, is of vital importance for the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus Recombinant expression of inactivated RpdA shows that loss of catalytic activity is responsible for the lethal phenotype of Aspergillus RpdA null mutants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a fungus-specific C-terminal region of only a few acidic amino acids is required for both the nuclear localization and catalytic activity of the enzyme in the model organism Aspergillus nidulans Since strains with single or multiple deletions of other classical HDACs revealed no or only moderate growth deficiencies, it is highly probable that the significant delay of germination and the growth defects observed in strains growing under the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A are caused primarily by inhibition of catalytic RpdA activity. Indeed, even at low nanomolar concentrations of the inhibitor, the catalytic activity of purified RpdA is considerably diminished. Considering these results, RpdA with its fungus-specific motif represents a promising target for novel HDAC inhibitors that, in addition to their increasing impact as anticancer drugs, might gain in importance as antifungals against life-threatening invasive infections, apart from or in combination with classical antifungal therapy regimes.

A Class 1 Histone Deacetylase with Potential as an Antifungal Target.

An outstanding feature of filamentous fungi is their ability to produce a wide variety of small bioactive molecules that contribute to their survival, fitness, and pathogenicity. The vast collection of these so-called secondary metabolites (SMs) includes molecules that play a role in virulence, protect fungi from environmental damage, act as toxins or antibiotics that harm host tissues, or hinder microbial competitors for food sources. Many of these compounds are used in medical treatment; however, biosynthetic genes for the production of these natural products are arranged in compact clusters that are commonly silent under growth conditions routinely used in laboratories. Consequently, a wide arsenal of yet unknown fungal metabolites is waiting to be discovered. Here, we describe the effects of deletion of , one of four classical histone deacetylase (HDAC) genes in ; we show that HosA acts as a major regulator of SMs in  with converse regulatory effects depending on the metabolite gene cluster examined. Co-inhibition of all classical enzymes by the pan HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A and the analysis of HDAC double mutants indicate that HosA is able to override known regulatory effects of other HDACs such as the class 2 type enzyme HdaA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed a direct correlation between  deletion, the acetylation status of H4 and the regulation of SM cluster genes, whereas H3 hyper-acetylation could not be detected in all the upregulated SM clusters examined. Our data suggest that HosA has inductive effects on SM production in addition to its classical role as a repressor via deacetylation of histones. Moreover, a genome wide transcriptome analysis revealed that in addition to SMs, expression of several other important protein categories such as enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism or proteins involved in disease, virulence, and defense are significantly affected by the deletion of HosA.

Article	Year
Proper folding of the antifungal protein PAF is required for optimal activity. Research in microbiology\| PubMed ID: 15636746	2005
A Class 1 Histone Deacetylase with Potential as an Antifungal Target. mBio\| PubMed ID: 27803184	2016
A Class 1 Histone Deacetylase as Major Regulator of Secondary Metabolite Production in . Frontiers in microbiology\| PubMed ID: 30283426	2018

Stefan Graessle

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